Table 3.
Relationship between dietary scores and mortality, using multivariable-adjusted Cox regression analysis
| Dietary scores | 3-year mortality Deceased, N (%) = 509 (2.4) |
8-year mortality Deceased, N (%) = 1171 (5.3) |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hazard ratio (95%CI) | p value | Hazard ratio (95%CI) | p value | |
| Adjusted for age, sex, race, educational level, marital status, employment status, smoking, study cohort, and BMI (basic covariates) | ||||
| NI (per 0.1 point) | 1.16 (1.09,1.22) | < 0.001 | 1.14 (1.09,1.18) | < 0.001 |
| E-DII (per 1 point) | 1.03 (0.98,1.08) | 0.201 | 1.04 (1.01,1.08) | 0.008 |
| HEI-2015 (per 10 points) | 0.92 (0.86,0.98) | 0.015 | 0.92 (0.88,0.96) | < 0.001 |
| MDS (per 1 point)* | 0.93 (0.87,0.98) | 0.013 | 0.93 (0.89,0.96) | < 0.001 |
| DASH (per 1 point) | 0.96 (0.90,1.01) | 0.121 | 0.96 (0.93,0.99) | 0.038 |
| Adjusted for basic covariates and FI | ||||
| NI (per 0.1 point) | 1.11 (1.04,1.17) | 0.001 | 1.15 (1.10,1.21) | < 0.001 |
| E-DII (per 1 point) | 1.03 (0.99,1.08) | 0.185 | 1.05 (1.01,1.08) | 0.007 |
| HEI-2015 (per 10 points) | 0.93 (0.86,0.99) | 0.028 | 0.93 (0.89,0.97) | 0.002 |
| MDS (per 1 point)* | 0.94 (0.88,0.99) | 0.046 | 0.94 (0.90,0.97) | 0.001 |
| DASH (per 1 point) | 0.96 (0.90,1.01) | 0.113 | 0.96 (0.93,0.99) | 0.040 |
| E-DII (per 1 point) | 1.01 (0.96,1.06) | 0.791 | 1.02 (0.99,1.06) | 0.198 |
| E-DII squared | 0.98 (0.96,1.00) | 0.072 | 0.99 (0.97,0.99) | 0.043 |
| NI (per 0.1 point) | 1.10 (1.04,1.17) | 0.002 | 1.08 (1.04,1.13) | < 0.001 |
| HEI-2015 (per 10 points) | 0.95 (0.88,1.02) | 0.164 | 0.95 (0.91,0.99) | 0.037 |
| NI (per 0.1 point) | 1.09 (1.04,1.16) | 0.005 | 1.08 (1.04,1.12) | < 0.001 |
| MDS (per 1 point) | 0.95 (0.89,1.01) | 0.106 | 0.94 (0.91,0.98) | 0.004 |
| NI (per 0.1 point) | 1.10 (1.04,1.17) | 0.002 | 1.08 (1.04,1.13) | < 0.001 |
| DASH (per 1 point) | 0.96 (0.91,1.02) | 0.166 | 0.97 (0.93,1.00) | 0.062 |
| NI (per 0.1 point) | 1.10 (1.04,1.17) | 0.001 | 1.09 (1.05,1.13) | < 0.001 |
| HEI-2015 (per 10 points) | 0.91 (0.83,1.00) | 0.057 | 0.94 (0.88,0.99) | 0.045 |
| E-DII (per 1 point) | 0.98 (0.92,1.05) | 0.595 | 1.01 (0.97,1.05) | 0.724 |
| E-DII squared | 0.98 (0.96,1.00) | 0.057 | 0.99 (0.97,0.99) | 0.036 |
| MDS (per 1 point) | 0.94 (0.88,1.01) | 0.083 | 0.94 (0.90,0.99) | 0.009 |
| E-DII (per 1 point) | 1.01 (0.95,1.06) | 0.855 | 1.02 (0.98,1.06) | 0.309 |
| E-DII squared | 0.98 (0.96,1.00) | 0.058 | 0.99 (0.97,0.99) | 0.033 |
| DASH (per 1 point) | 0.97 (0.90,1.05) | 0.411 | 0.99 (0.94,1.04) | 0.735 |
| E-DII (per 1 point) | 1.01 (0.95,1.08) | 0.689 | 1.04 (0.99,1.08) | 0.090 |
| MDS (per 1 point) | 0.97 (0.90,1.04) | 0.352 | 0.96 (0.91,1.00) | 0.059 |
| HEI-2015 (per 10 points) | 0.95 (0.87,1.03) | 0.188 | 0.96 (0.91,1.01) | 0.113 |
| DASH (per 1 point) | 0.99 (0.92,1.06) | 0.741 | 0.99 (0.95,1.04) | 0.728 |
| HEI-2015 (per 10 points) | 0.93 (0.86,1.01) | 0.102 | 0.94 (0.87,0.99) | 0.016 |
| DASH (per 1 point) | 0.97 (0.91,1.03) | 0.290 | 0.98 (0.94,1.01) | 0.193 |
| MDS (per 1 point) | 0.95 (0.98,1.01) | 0.093 | 0.94 (0.90,0.98) | 0.004 |
2007–2012 NHANES cohorts were included in the analysis and mortality was identified up to December 2015. Higher NI and E-DII scores and lower HEI-2015, MDS, and DASH scores represents worse dietary pattern/intake. In an initial model we tested the linear relationship, in the second model we added the squared term, and in the third model, we added the cubic term. We present results only for the highest order model that was statistically significant. If none of the models were statistically significant, we present the linear model
BMI body mass index, DASH Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension, E-DII Energy-density Dietary Inflammatory Index, FI Frailty index, HEI-2015 Healthy Eating Index-2015, MDS Mediterranean Diet Score, NI Nutrition Index
*This regression model was additionally adjusted for energy intake