(a) Rct signal change ratio after incubation of vancomycin-modified highly branched polymer HB-PNIPAM-Van-C functionalized electrodes with S. carnosus and E. coli suspensions in PBS (OD600 = 0.2) and with PBS buffer alone for 2 h in a 15 mL reaction tube with the electrodes covered with 3.5 mL bacteria solution at 21 °C (RT), 30 °C, 35 °C, respectively; results presented as a ratio of mean Rct for an electrode after incubation with the target relative to the same value before incubation; data are presented as mean ± SEM; significance was determined using ANOVA multiple comparison tests; * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001; n = 6. (b) EIS Nyquist plots of vancomycin-modified highly branched polymer HB-PNIPAM-Van-C functionalized electrodes before and after incubation with S. carnosus (green: before; blue: after) and E. coli (orange: before; red: after) at 35 °C, respectively. The dash-dotted lines at the matched colours represent the fitted data based on the Randles equivalent circuit.