5-FU	5-fluorouracil
Ad	Adrenaline
ADRB2	β-adrenergic receptor
ADRB2i	ADRB2i inhibitor
ADT	Androgen deprivation therapy
APC	Antigen-presenting cell
AR	Androgen receptor
ARE	Antioxidant response element
ARG1	Arginase 1
ATRA	All transretinoic acid
CAB	Combined androgen blockade
CAF	Cancer-associated fibroblast
CREB	cAMP response element-binding protein
CRPC	Castration-resistant prostate cancer
CTL	Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte
DAMPs	Danger-associated molecular patterns
DC	Dendritic cell
DHEA	Dehydroepiandrosterone
DHT	Dihydrotestosterone
DRE	Digital rectal examination
ECM	Extracellular matrix
EMT	Epithelial–mesenchymal transition
EMC	Epithelial-mesenchymal cell
ER	Endoplasmic reticulum
GM-CSF	Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor
G-CSF	Granulocyte CSF
HAT	Histone acetyltransferase
HDAC	Histone deacetylases
HDACi	HDAC inhibitor
HMGB1	High mobility group box 1
ICB	Immune checkpoint blockade
IDO	Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase
IGRT	Image-guided radiation therapy
IL-[number]	Interleukin-[number]
IMRT	Intensity-modulated radiation therapy
LCK	Lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase
LH	Luteinizing hormone
LHRH	Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone
M-CSF	Macrophage CSF
M-MDSC	Monocytic MDSC
MDSC	Myeloid-derived suppressor cell
MMP	Matrix metalloproteinase
MSC	Mesenchymal stem cell
NAd	Noradrenaline
NDRG1	N-myc downstream-regulated gene
NEC	Neuroendocrine-like cell
NEPC	Neuroendocrine prostate cancer
NICE	National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
NK	Natural killer
NO	Nitric oxide
NOX2	NADPH oxidase 2
NRF2	Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
PAMPs	Pathogen-associated molecular patterns
PAP	Prostatic acid phosphatase
PBMC	Peripheral blood mononuclear cell
PCa	Prostate cancer
PCNA	Proliferating cell nuclear antigen
PGE2	Prostaglandin E2
PIN	Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia
PKA	Protein kinase A
PMN-MDSC	Polymorphonuclear MDSC
PNI	Perineural invasion
PSA	Prostate-specific antigen
RARP	Robot-assisted radical prostatectomy
RHAMM	Receptor for hyaluronan-mediated motility
RNS	Reactive nitrogen species
ROS	Reactive oxygen species
RP	Radical prostatectomy
RTK	Receptor tyrosine kinase
SAHA	Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid
SCF	Stem cell factor
STAT3	Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
TAM	Tumour-associated macrophage
TCR	T cell receptor
TGFβ	Transforming growth factor-beta
TI1IFN	Tumour intrinsic type 1 interferon
TIMP1	Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1
TLR9	Toll-like receptor 9
TME	Tumour microenvironment
TRAIL-R	TNF-related apoptosis-induced ligand receptor 2
Treg	T regulatory cell
TRUS	Transrectal ultrasound
UA	Uric acid
UPR	Unfolded protein response
VEGF	Vascular endothelial growth factor
Zol	Zoledronic acid
β-AR	β-adrenergic receptors
cAMP	Cyclic adenosine monophosphate
eNOS	Endothelial nitric oxide synthase
iNOS	Inducible nitric oxide synthase
mCRPC	Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer
mpMRI	Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging
MSMB	Microseminoprotein-β
tNEPC	Treatment-dependent NEPC