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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: Z Gesundh Wiss. 2019 Mar 9;28(3):259–270. doi: 10.1007/s10389-019-01062-8

Figure 3: Model of HIV pathogenesis and progression incorporating the enhancing activity of chronic smoking.

Figure 3:

Note how the oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory activity promoted by tobacco smoking can positively affect multiple aspects of HIV infection and progression to NeuroAIDS.