. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Jun 1.

Published in final edited form as: Z Gesundh Wiss. 2019 Mar 9;28(3):259–270. doi: 10.1007/s10389-019-01062-8

Table 2.

TS-associated biochemical alteration which can positively impact HIV progression

Target	Expression	Effect	Ref.
TXNIP	↓	Tobacco smoke inhibits TXNIP and increases reducing function of Trx. Higher levels of Trx is found in the plasma of HIV infected individuals.	(110, 111)
Thioredoxin-related transmembrane protein 1	↑	Responsible for downregulation of CD4 facilitated by HIV	(112)
TAX 1 binding protein 1 (TAX1BP1)	↑	Binds to HIV Long Terminal Repeats indirectly	(113)
Calmodulin1	↑	Enhances apoptosis by binding to HIV gp160	(114)
TGF-β1	↓	Enhancement of viral expression mediated by nicotine	(94)
HSP90 beta 1	↑	HIV Tat transactivation mediated by positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb)	(115)
CD59 (protectin)	↑	Protects virus from complement-mediated destruction	(116)
NF-kB signaling pathway	↑	Oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation caused by tobacco smoke and its effect on virus	(109)
Phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (PHGPX)	↓	protects membrane lipids from peroxidation	(117)
Antioxidant potential of TS	↑	Strengthening of viral infectivity by TS mediated protection against degradation & oxidative action	(104)