Table 1.
Clinical and demographic characteristics of Hispanics/Latinx, non-Hispanic African Americans, and non-Hispanic White patients with COVID-19 requiring hospitalization.
| Total | HL | NHAA | NHW | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | N = 326 (100%) | N = 126 (39%) | N = 55 (17%) | N = 145 (44%) | |
| Age (median) | 61 | 53.5 | 63 | 67 | <.001 |
| Age IQR | (49.00–74.00) | (44.00–66.00) | (54.00–70.00) | (56.00–77.00) | |
| Gender | .31 | ||||
| Female | 144 (44.2%) | 49 (38.9%) | 26 (47.3%) | 69 (47.6%) | |
| Male | 182 (55.8%) | 77 (61.1%) | 29 (52.7%) | 76 (52.4%) | |
| Coverage | <.001 | ||||
| Commercial/HMO/PPO | 64 (19.6%) | 18 (14.3%) | 14 (25.5%) | 32 (22.1%) | |
| Medicaid | 93 (28.5%) | 59 (46.8%) | 14 (25.5%) | 20 (13.8%) | |
| Medicare | 161 (49.4%) | 45 (35.7%) | 25 (45.5%) | 91 (62.8%) | |
| Self-pay | 8 (2.5%) | 4 (3.2%) | 2 (3.6%) | 2 (1.4%) | |
| Comorbidities | |||||
| Cardiac/Pulmonary | |||||
| Congestive heart failure | 30 (9.2%) | 7 (5.6%) | 5 (9.1%) | 18 (12.4%) | .15 |
| Cardiac arrhythmias | 63 (19.3%) | 7 (5.6%) | 10 (18.2%) | 46 (31.7%) | <.001 |
| Valvular disease | 15 (4.6%) | 2 (1.6%) | 1 (1.8%) | 12 (8.3%) | .02 |
| Peripheral vascular disorders | 20 (6.1%) | 5 (4.0%) | 3 (5.5%) | 12 (8.3%) | .33 |
| Hypertension | 148 (45.4%) | 47 (37.3%) | 30 (54.5%) | 71 (49.0%) | .05 |
| Pulmonary circulation disorders | 12 (3.7%) | 4 (3.2%) | 1 (1.8%) | 7 (4.8%) | .56 |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 48 (14.7%) | 18 (14.3%) | 7 (12.7%) | 23 (15.9%) | .84 |
| Endocrine | |||||
| Obesity | 130 (39.9%) | 44 (34.9%) | 24 (43.6%) | 62 (42.8%) | .35 |
| Diabetes | 109 (33.4%) | 45 (35.7%) | 21 (38.2%) | 43 (29.7%) | .41 |
| Hypothyroidism | 22 (6.7%) | 4 (3.2%) | 1 (1.8%) | 17 (11.7%) | .006 |
| Renal failure | 35 (10.7%) | 3 (2.4%) | 13 (23.6%) | 19 (13.1%) | <.01 |
| Liver disease | 11 (3.4%) | 5 (4.0%) | 3 (5.5%) | 3 (2.1%) | .44 |
| Hematologic/Malignancy/Immunodeficiencies | |||||
| Lymphoma | 4 (1.2%) | 2 (1.6%) | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (1.4%) | .66 |
| Metastatic cancer | 3 (0.9%) | 1 (0.8%) | 1 (1.8%) | 1 (0.7%) | .74 |
| Solid tumor without metastasis | 20 (6.1%) | 5 (4.0%) | 4 (7.3%) | 11 (7.6%) | .43 |
| Coagulopathy | 21 (6.4%) | 13 (10.3%) | 2 (3.6%) | 6 (4.1%) | .08 |
| AIDS/HIV | 4 (1.2%) | 1 (0.8%) | 2 (3.6%) | 1 (0.7%) | .20 |
| Rheumatologic | |||||
| Rheumatoid arthritis/collagen vascular disease | 6 (1.8%) | 2 (1.6%) | 1 (1.8%) | 3 (2.1%) | .96 |
| Psychiatric disorders | |||||
| Alcohol abuse | 18 (5.5%) | 5 (4.0%) | 5 (9.1%) | 8 (5.5%) | .38 |
| Drug abuse | 17 (5.2%) | 2 (1.6%) | 3 (5.5%) | 12 (8.3%) | .05 |
| Psychoses | 14 (4.3%) | 4 (3.2%) | 6 (10.9%) | 4 (2.8%) | .03 |
| Depression | 45 (13.8%) | 13 (10.3%) | 5 (9.1%) | 27 (18.6%) | .08 |
| E-vW score | .02 | ||||
| 0 | 79 (24.2%) | 44 (34.9%) | 9 (16.4%) | 26 (17.9%) | |
| <0 | 72 (22.1%) | 26 (20.6%) | 11 (20.0%) | 35 (24.1%) | |
| 1–4 | 50 (15.3%) | 14 (11.1%) | 12 (21.8%) | 24 (16.6%) | |
| >=5 | 125 (38.3%) | 42 (33.3%) | 23 (41.8%) | 60 (41.4%) | |
| Outcomes | |||||
| ICU | 104 (31.9%) | 34 (27.0%) | 20 (36.4%) | 50 (34.5%) | .31 |
| Ventilator | 60 (18.4%) | 24 (19.0%) | 11 (20.0%) | 25 (17.2%) | .88 |
| Death | 57 (17.5%) | 16 (12.7%) | 9 (16.4%) | 32 (22.1%) | .12 |
E-vW score = Weighted Elixhauser-van Walraven comorbidity score; HL = Hispanic/Latinx; NHAA = Non-Hispanic African American; NHW = Non-Hispanic White.
Continuous values: median (IQR); categorical values: N (%).
Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon and chi-squared tests used to calculate p-values (≤.05 considered statistically significant).