Table 2.
Characteristics of exosomes derived from human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and other human immune cells.
| Source of Exosomes | Markers | Characteristic miRNAs | Cargo/Pathway | Role | Reference(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MSC-derived exosomes (BM-MSCs-exo, AD-MSCs-exo, UC-MSCs-exo, and PL-MSCs-exo) |
CD9,CD34,CD44,CD63,CD81,CD90, CD105, ALix, TSG101, OCN, OPN, BMP-7, NKG2D ULBPs | miR-155, miR-146 | P13K/AKT/AKT mTOR, TGF-β/Smad/β-catenin, STAT3/Bcl-2/Beclin1, IL-6, ERK1/2, P38, MAPK | Immunosuppressive | [129,130,131,132,133] |
|
CD63, CD81, CD82, αMβ2, MFG-E8 | miR-155 | Syntenin Gi2α, β-catenin | Immunostimulatory | [134] |
| Annexins, CD63, Alix, TSG101, Calnexin and CCR-7 | miR-125b-5p, miR-146a, and miR-148 | Syntenin Gi2α, β-catenin | Immunosuppressive | [135] | |
| NKC-derived exosomes (NK-exo) |
CD56 | miR-186, miR-328, miR-21, miR-29a | Granulysin (GNLY), TGF-β, granzymes (Gzm-A & Gzm-B), perforin (PFN) | Immunostimulatory | [136,137] |
| Treg-derived exosomes (Treg-exo) |
CD25 and CTLA-4 | miRNA-155, Let-7b, Let-7d | IL-10, IL-35, and TGF-β | Immunostimulatory | [138,139] |
BM, Bone Marrow; AD, Adipose Tissue; UC, Umbilical cord; PL, Placenta; DEX, Dendritic cell derived exosomes.