Table 1.
Maternal sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of the study population
| Characteristics | Group 1 | Group 2 | Group 3 | Total | p valuea |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 43) | (n = 26) | (n = 39) | (n = 108) | ||
| n. (%) | n. (%) | n. (%) | n. (%) | ||
| Age group (years) | 0.406 | ||||
| <30 | 26 (61) | 17 (65) | 29 (74) | 72 (67) | |
| ≥30 | 17 (39) | 9 (35) | 10 (26) | 36 (33) | |
| Mean (years)b | 27.7 (19–40) | 25.7 (17–40) | 25.9 (15–43) | 26.7 | |
| Education (years) | 0.642 | ||||
| ≤9 years | 15 (35) | 12 (46) | 16 (41) | 43 (40) | |
| >9 years | 26 (61) | 13 (50) | 21 (54) | 60 (56) | |
| Unknown | 2 (4) | 1 (4) | 2 (5) | 5 (4) | |
| Household monthly income | 0.286 | ||||
| ≤1 MMWc | 14 (33) | 9 (35) | 17 (44) | 40 (37) | |
| >1MMWc | 26 (60) | 14 (54) | 15 (38) | 55 (51) | |
| Unknown | 3 (7) | 3 (11) | 7 (18) | 13 (12) | |
| AGSN residenced | 0.008 | ||||
| Yes | 28 (65) | 17 (65) | 13 (33) | 58 (54) | |
| No | 12 (28) | 8 (31) | 22 (56) | 42 (39) | |
| Unknown | 3 (7) | 1 (4) | 4 (10) | 8 (7) | |
| Smoking | 4 (9) | 7 (27) | 6 (15) | 17 (16) | 0.150 |
| Alcohol | 3 (7) | 5 (19) | 8 (21) | 16 (15) | 0.174 |
| Rash | 0.015e | ||||
| Before pregnancy | 2 (4) | 0 | 4 (10) | 6 (6) | |
| 1st trimester | 10 (23) | 3 (11) | 18 (46) | 31 (29) | |
| 2nd trimester | 22 (52) | 15 (58) | 12 (31) | 49 (45) | |
| 3rd trimester | 9 (21) | 8 (31) | 5 (13) | 22 (20) | |
| Fever | 14 (32) | 11 (42) | 18 (46) | 43 (40) | 0.435 |
| Myalgia | 12 (28) | 10 (39) | 15 (38) | 37 (34) | 0.527 |
| Arthralgia | 25 (58) | 13 (50) | 21 (54) | 59 (55) | 0.799 |
| Headache | 8 (19) | 7 (27) | 11 (28) | 26 (24) | 0.553 |
| Conjunctival hyperemia | 10 (23) | 8 (31) | 5 (13) | 23 (21) | 0.206 |
a
Pearson Chi-square test.
b
Mean range.
c
MMW = monthly minimum wage; 1 MMW in Brazil is BRL$880.00, the equivalent of USD$361.26 (based on average USD–BRL exchange rate during the enrollment period of 2016).
d
AGSN = aglomerados subnormais (informal settlements defined by Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics).
e
1st trimester versus other trimesters.