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Virulence factors that affect stress-induced signaling pathways studied in Drosophila. Core components of the JNK (left) and JAK-STAT (right) pathways are depicted along with pathogenic proteins that target these pathways. Host proteins shown in cool colors and pathogenic proteins (AvrA (S. enterica), CagA (Helicobacter pylori), LF (Bacillus anthracis), Nef (HIV), NS4A (ZIKV), Tax1 (HTLV-1), and Vpu (HIV)) are shown in warm colors.
