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Virulence factors that affect developmental signaling pathways studied in Drosophila. Core components of the Notch (left), Hedgehog (center), and Ras-MAPK (right) pathways are depicted along with pathogenic proteins that target these pathways. Host proteins shown in cool colors and pathogenic proteins (CagA (H. pylori), CtxA (Vibrio cholerae), EF (B. anthracis), LF (B. anthracis), and NS4A (ZIKV)) are shown in warm colors.
