Table 1.
Virulence factors studied in Drosophila and their host target proteins.
| Type | Pathogens | Pathogenic Proteins |
Section | Biological Processes Affected |
In vivo Functions of Pathogenic Proteins |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bacteria | Aeromonas salmonicida | AopP | Section 2.2 | NF-kB signaling | Blocks the nuclear translocation of NF-kB (Relish and DIF), inhibiting both IMD and Toll pathways. |
| Section 2.2 | Apoptosis | Facilitates the cleavage of Caspase-3, inducing apoptosis. | |||
| Bacteria | Bacillus anthracis | EF | Section 4.3 | Hedgehog signaling | Hyperactivates PKA through its adenyl cyclase activity, activating Hedgehog signaling. Genetically interacts with hedgehog. |
| Section 4.3 | Notch signaling | Alters the subcellular localization of Delta ligands via affecting Rab11-dependent vesicle trafficking. Acts synergistically with LF protein. | |||
| Section 4.3 | Cell-cell adhesion | Alters the subcellular localization of E-Cadherin by activation of Epac through its adenyl cyclase activity. | |||
| LF | Section 4.4 | JNK signaling | Inhibits JNK signaling upstream of hep (JNKK) in the developing thorax. | ||
| Section 4.4 | EGFR signaling | Inhibits EGFR signaling in the developing wing disc through unknown mechanisms. Genetically interacts with Dsor1 (MAPKKK). | |||
| Section 4.4 | Notch signaling | Alters the subcellular localization of Delta ligand via affecting Sec15-dependent vesicle trafficking. Acts synergistically with EF protein. | |||
| Section 4.4 | Cell-cell adhesion | Alters the subcellular localization of E-Cadherin. | |||
| Bacteria | Helicobacter pylori | CagA | Section 4.6 | EGFR/Sevenless signaling | Activates EGFR signaling by mimicking the function of Dos (Gab-family protein) in a phosphorylation dependent manner through Corkscrew (SHP-2). |
| Section 4.6 | Cytoskeletal organization | Causes over-activation and altered subcellular localization of Spaghetti squash (Myosin light chain) via Rho GTPase in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. | |||
| Section 4.6 | JNK signaling and apoptosis | Activates JNK signaling upstream of Bsk (JNK), leading to increase in apoptosis. | |||
| Section 4.6 | Tumor metastasis | Synergizes with an oncogenic form of Ras (RasV12) to facilitate the invasion of tumors formed in the eye. Genetically interacts with basolateral protein coding genes dlg1 and l(2)gl that function as tumor suppressors. | |||
| Section 4.6 | Microbiome homeostasis | Causes dysbiosis of gastric microbiota when expressed in the digestive tract, leading to activation of immune responses in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. | |||
| Bacteria | Pseudomonas aeruginosa | ExoS | Section 3.1 | Phagocytosis | Inhibits phagocytosis by blocking Rac2 (Rho family GTPase) function in hemocytes. |
| gshA, gshB | Section 5.2 | Bacterial stress resistance and biofilm production | Protects bacteria from ROS while negatively regulating the formation of biofilms. | ||
| Bacteria | Salmonellae enterica | AvrA | Section 2.1 | NF-kB signaling | Blocks the nuclear translocation of NF-kB (Relish) in an enzymatic activity-dependent manner, inhibiting the IMD pathway. |
| Section 2.1 | JNK signaling | Decreases activity of MKK4 (JNKK), inhibiting JNK signaling. | |||
| Bacteria | Vibrio cholerae | CtxA | Section 4.4 | Notch signaling | Alters the subcellular localization of Delta ligand via affecting Rab11-dependent vesicle trafficking in an adenyl cyclase activity-dependent manner. |
| Section 4.4 | Cell-cell adhesion | Alters the subcellular localization of E-Cadherin by affecting Rab11-dependent vesicle trafficking. | |||
| Virus | Epstein Barr virus (EBV) | BRLF1 | Section 3.4 | Cell proliferation | Promotes cell proliferation. Genetically interacts with p53, Tor, reaper, and other genes. |
| BZLF1 | Section 3.4 | Apoptosis and cell proliferation | Works with shaven (Pax transcription factor) to facilitate apoptosis and inhibit cell proliferation. Genetically interacts with p53, Tor, reaper, and other genes. | ||
| Virus | Influenza virus | M2 | Section 5.1 | pH homeostasis | Increases intracellular pH through its function as a proton channel. |
| Virus | Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) | IE72, IE86 | Section 4.5 | Cell-cell adhesion | Alters the subcellular localization of Armadillo (b-Catenin). |
| Virus | Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) | Nef | Section 2.5 | JNK signaling and apoptosis | Activates JNK signaling, leading to an increase in apoptosis. Genetically interacts with bsk (JNK) and hep (JNKK). |
| Tat | Section 4.8 | Cytoskeletal organization | Decreases the rate of Tubulin polymerization during cytoplasmic streaming during oogenesis and mitosis during early embryogenesis. | ||
| Section 4.8 | Protein translation | Interferes with ribosome biosynthesis by binding to pre-rRNA and Fibrillarin. | |||
| Vpu | Section 2.4 | NF-kB signaling | Inhibits Slmb (b-TRcP) in a phosphorylation-dependent manner, activating the Toll pathway. | ||
| Section 3.3 | JNK signaling and apoptosis | Activates JNK signaling upstream of hep (JNKK) in a phosphorylation-independent manner, leading to an increase in apoptosis. | |||
| Virus | Human papillomavirus (HPV) | E6 | Section 4.7 | Cell adhesion and polarity | Causes disruption of cell adhesion and polarity by degrading proteins such as Dlg1, Scrib, and Magi with Ube3A (E3 ligase) during wing development. |
| Section 4.7 | Insulin signaling | Genetically interacts with a dominant-negative form of Insulin receptor during eye development. | |||
| Section 4.7 | Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) | Genetically interacts with oncogenic forms of Ras and Notch to contribute to EMT. | |||
| Virus | Human T Cell Lymphotropic Virus type 1 (HTLV-1) | Tax1 | Section 2.3 | NF-kB signaling | Inhibits Kenny (IKKg) in a Urmylation-dependent manner, activating the IMD pathway. |
| Virus | Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-1 (SARS-CoV-1) | 3a | Section 3.2 | PKB/AKT signaling and apoptosis | Inhibits the Pdk1-Akt1 axis of the PKB/AKT pathway, leading to an increase in apoptosis. |
| M | Section 3.2 | Apoptosis | Promotes apoptosis in an ion channel activity-dependent fashion. | ||
| Virus | Simian vacuolating virus 40 (SV40) | Small T antigen | Section 4.9 | Mitosis | Causes mitotic spindle abnormalities by working with PP2A and upregulating Cyclin E expression. |
| Virus | Zika virus (ZIKV) | NS4A | Section 4.1 | Asymmetric cell division | Inhibits Ball (Vrk1) to misregulate proper segregation of cell polarity regulators in neural stem cells. |
| Section 4.1 | Apoptosis | Induces apoptosis in the nervous system. | |||
| Section 4.2 | JAK-STAT signaling | Inhibits JAK-STAT signaling downstream of hopscotch (JAK kinase) in the developing wing. | |||
| Section 4.2 | Notch signaling | Inhibits Notch signaling in the developing wing through unknown mechanisms. |