Table 4.
Associations of environmental exposures during near-roadway conditions (all visits 2–5) with changes in cardiovascular outcomesa
| Blood pressuresb | Aortic blood pressuresb | Heart rate variabilityb | RHI outcomesc | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcomes Covariates |
Systolic BP (mm Hg) |
Diastolic BP (mm Hg) |
Heart rate (beats/minute) |
AorticSBP (mm Hg) |
AorticPP (mm Hg) |
AorticAP (mm Hg) |
AIx@75 (%) |
SDNN (ms) |
LF (ms2) |
HF (ms2) |
LF/HF | RHI (%) |
RHI90–120 (%) |
| Temperature (per 1 °C) | −0.51*** (−0.64, −0.37) P < 0.001 |
−0.33*** (−0.44, −0.22) P < 0.001 |
0.53*** (0.40, 0.66) P < 0.001 | −0.37*** (−0.51, −0.22) P < 0.001 |
−0.09* (−0.18, 0.01) P = 0.06 |
0.21*** (0.13, 0.28) P < 0.001 | 0.76*** (0.56, 0.97) P < 0.001 | −1.5*** (−2.0, −1.1) P < 0.001 |
17 (−99, 133) P = 0.77 |
−31 (−84, 23) P = 0.26 |
0.1*** (0.056, 0.130) P < 0.001 |
0.001 (−0.02, 0.02) P = 0.91 |
−0.04 (−0.13, 0.05) P = 0.40 |
| Log (PM2.5) (per 2.71- fold increase) |
−0.84**
(−1.59, −0.08) P = 0.031 |
−0.36 (−0.96, 0.25) P = 0.25 |
−0.002 (−0.75, 0.75) P = 0.99 |
−0.56 (−1.38, 0.26) P = 0.18 |
−0.43 (−0.96, 0.10) P = 0.11 |
0.25 (−0.21, 0.71) P = 0.29 |
1.04* (−0.16, 2.24) P = 0.09 |
0.1 (−2.6, 2.8) P = 0.95 |
52 (−640, 744) P = 0.88 |
−34 (−348, 280) P=0.83 |
0.1 (−0.1, 0.3) P=0.27 |
0.01 (−0.10, 0.12) P = 0.92 |
−0.03 (−0.49, 0.42) P = 0.89 |
| Black carbon (per 1 µg/m3) | −0.76 (−1.70, 0.18) P = 0.11 |
−0.64* (−1.39, 0.11) P = 0.09 |
0.32 (−0.61, 1.24) P = 0.50 |
−0.48 (−1.51, 0.55) P = 0.36 |
0.13 (−0.53, 0.80) P = 0.70 |
0.88*** (0.32, 1.45) P = 0.003 | 1.89** (0.40, 3.38) P = 0.013 | −1.5 (−4.8, 1.8) P = 0.38 |
−286 (−1,148, 575) P = 0.52 |
−127 (−516, 263) P=0.52 |
0.2 (−0.1, 0.4) P = 0.16 |
−0.1 (−0.2, 0.04) P = 0.16 |
−0.42 (−0.98, 0.14) P = 0.15 |
| Particle count (per 5,000 particles/cm3) | −0.08 (−0.74, 0.59) P = 0.83 |
−0.24 (−0.76, 0.29) P = 0.38 |
0.00 (−0.65, 0.65) P = 1.00 |
0.02 (−0.68, 0.72) P = 0.96 |
0.30 (−0.15, 0.74) P = 0.19 |
0.61*** (0.23, 0.99)
P = 0.002 |
0.90* (−0.12, 1.93) P = 0.09 |
0.79 (−1.57, 3.15) P = 0.52 |
−87 (−665, 491) P = 0.77 |
48 (−217, 313) P = 0.73 |
0.02 (−0.16, 0.21) P = 0.81 |
−0.08 (−0.19, 0.04) P = 0.19 |
−0.34 (−0.81, 0.14) P = 0.18 |
| Sound level (per 10 dB) | 1.10 (−0.26, 2.45) P = 0.11 |
0.20 (−0.89, 1.29) P = 0.72 |
−0.14 (−1.48, 1.21) P = 0.85 |
1.32* (−0.12, 2.77) P = 0.08 |
0.69 (−0.24, 1.62) P = 0.15 |
0.71* (−0.10, 1.52) P = 0.09 |
0.97 (−1.16, 3.10) P = 0.38 |
−0.29 (−5.20, 4.63) P = 0.91 |
−292 (−1,555, 971) P = 0.66 |
102 (−470, 675) P = 0.73 |
−0.36* (−0.76, 0.04) P = 0.08 |
−0.06 (−0.23, 0.12) P = 0.52 |
0.11 (−0.63, 0.85) P = 0.78 |
Data presented as effect estimate, (95% confidence interval), P value. Cardiovascular outcomes that significantly changed (P values <0.05) in association with exposures to components of TRAP are in bold. Abbreviations: AIx@75, augmentation index at a heart rate of 75 beats/minute; AP, augmentation pressure; BP, blood pressure; HF, high frequency power; LF, low frequency power; PP, pulse pressure; RHI, reactive hyperemia index; RHI90–120, reactive hyperemia index from 90 to 120 seconds after cuff release; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SDNN, standard deviation of normal-to-normal intervals.
aAll visits 2–5 regardless of N95 respirator use are combined in this model.
bResults represent effect estimate (i.e., β-coefficient) of per-unit change in exposure covariate on cardiovascular outcomes, adjusting for N95 respirator use, demographics and temperature, which is evaluated using linear mixed models with patient-level random intercept to account for within-patient correlation of outcomes.
cPerformed using linear model, adjusting for respirator use, demographics and temperature, as RHI outcomes were collected only at visit 4.
*P < 0.1, **P < 0.05, ***P < 0.01.