Table 2.
Longitudinal changes in left and right heart structure and function
| HFpEF (n = 271) |
P-value Exams 1 vs. 2 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Exam 1 | Exam 2 | ||
| Vital signs | |||
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 132 ± 21 | 126 ± 20 | 0.0006 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 70 ± 12 | 66 ± 12 | 0.0002 |
| Heart rate (b.p.m.) | 67 ± 13 | 69 ± 13 | 0.1 |
| Left heart structure and function | |||
| LV diastolic dimension (mm) | 49 ± 6 | 49 ± 6 | 0.5 |
| LV mass index (g/m2) | 102 ± 29 | 103 ± 30 | 0.8 |
| LV ejection fraction (%) | 62 ± 7 | 59 ± 10 | 0.0002 |
| Cardiac output (L/min) | 5.9 ± 1.5 | 5.8 ± 1.4 | 0.2 |
| LA volume index (mL/m2) | 44 ± 15 | 46 ± 20 | 0.002 |
| Mitral E-wave (cm/s) | 98 ± 30 | 99 ± 34 | 0.6 |
| Mitral annular e′ (cm/s) | 6.6 ± 2.2 | 6.0 ± 2.2 | 0.0003 |
| E/e′ ratio | 16 ± 8 | 19 ± 11 | 0.001 |
| Medial mitral annular s′ (cm/s) | 6.6 ± 2.1 | 5.9 ± 1.8 | <0.0001 |
| Right heart structure and function | |||
| RV basal dimension (mm) | 34 ± 7 | 37 ± 8 | <0.0001 |
| RV diastolic area (cm2) | 15 ± 5 | 17 ± 6 | <0.0001 |
| RV fractional area change (%) | 48 ± 10 | 42 ± 11 | <0.0001 |
| RV free wall strain (%, n = 205) | 20.4 ± 6.2 | 18.6 ± 6.9 | 0.003 |
| RV global longitudinal strain (%, n = 205) | 17.7 ± 5.2 | 16.0 ± 5.7 | 0.0006 |
| RVSP (mmHg) | 44 ± 15 | 45 ± 17 | 0.3 |
| FAC/RVSP (%/mmHg) | 1.26 ± 0.63 | 1.09 ± 0.52 | <0.0001 |
| Right atrial area (cm2) | 16 ± 7 | 17 ± 8 | 0.03 |
| Moderate or severe TR (%) | 55 (20%) | 78 (29%) | 0.003 |
BP, blood pressure; E/e′, the ratio of early mitral diastolic inflow velocity to early diastolic mitral annular velocity; FAC, fractional area change; HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; LA, left atrial; LV, left ventricular; RV, right ventricular; RVSP, right ventricular systolic pressure; TR, tricuspid regurgitation.