Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study participants
| Group Acupuncture |
|||
|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Usual Care (N = 14), No. (%) | Once Weekly (N = 14), No. (%) | Twice Weekly (N = 12), No. (%) |
| Sociodemographic characteristics | |||
| Age, y* | 60.7 ± 11.8 | 61.0 ± 9.8 | 55.4 ± 11.1 |
| Sex, female | 6 (42.9) | 7 (50.0) | 7 (58.3) |
| Race/ethnicity | |||
| African American/black | 2 (14.3) | 3 (21.4) | 3 (25.0) |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 3 (21.4) | — | 1 (8.3) |
| Latino | 7 (50.0) | 7 (50.0) | 6 (50.0) |
| Non-Latino white | 1 (7.1) | 4 (28.6) | 2 (16.7) |
| Other | 1 (7.1) | — | — |
| Nativity, born outside the US | 9 (64.3) | 8 (57.1) | 6 (50.0) |
| Educational attainment | |||
| High school or less | 7 (50.0) | 6 (42.8) | 4 (32.3) |
| Some college | 4 (28.6) | 3 (21.4) | 3 (25.0) |
| College grad or more | 3 (21.4) | 5 (35.7) | 5 (41.7) |
| Primary language | |||
| English | 6 (42.9) | 7 (50.0) | 7 (58.3) |
| Spanish | 6 (42.9) | 5 (35.7) | 4 (33.0) |
| Other | 2 (14.3) | 2 (15.3) | 1 (3.9) |
| Publicly insured | 12 (85.7) | 10 (76.9) | 11 (80.8) |
| Employment status | |||
| Employed | 5 (35.7) | 3 (23.0) | 1 (8.3) |
| Unemployed or on disability | 6 (42.9) | 3 (30.8) | 7 (58.3) |
| Retired | 3 (21.4) | 6 (46.2) | 4 (33.3) |
| Household income <$35k | 14 (100.0) | 11 (78.6) | 12 (100.0) |
| Patient-reported symptoms | |||
| Pain intensity | |||
| Average pain* | 4.4 ± 3.4 | 5.9 ± 2.3 | 5.2 ± 2.5 |
| Worst pain* | 6.4 ± 3.3 | 6.6 ± 2.5 | 6.2 ± 2.3 |
| Least pain* | 4.4 ± 3.0 | 4.9 ± 1.7 | 2.7 ± 2.9 |
| Quality of life*,† | 64.2 ± 29.7 | 71.6 ± 33.8 | 67.1 ± 31.7 |
| Physical functioning*,† | 21.7 ± 14.7 | 25.9 ± 16.6 | 22.4 ± 15.2 |
| Neuropathic symptoms*,† | 17.5 ± 6.8 | 15.9 ± 8.9 | 16 ± 7 |
| Anxiety* | 60.8 ± 9.1 | 59.0 ± 10.7 | 61.5 ± 11.7 |
| Depressive symptoms* | 57.5 ± 8.2 | 54.8 ± 12.3 | 59.7 ± 12.5 |
| Sleep disturbance* | 48.0 ± 9.8 | 45.6 ± 13.9 | 51.3 ± 14.3 |
*
Data presented as mean ± SD.
†
Norfolk Quality of Life Questionnaire–Diabetic Neuropathy.