Table 1.
Basic characteristics of patients with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus diagnosed with COVID-19 in Istanbul (before PSM).
| T2DM (n = 21,180) |
Non-DM (n = 71,765) |
Available data (n) (T2DM/Non-DM) |
p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years, median (IQR) | 53 (22) | 38 (20) | 21,180/71,765 | <0.001 |
| Gender, male, n (%) | 8965 (42.3) | 39,471 (55.0) | 21,180/71,765 | <0.001 |
| Follow-up center, n (%) Public hospitals University hospitals Private centers |
15,598 (73.6) 1173 (5.5) 4409 (20.8) |
56,016 (78.1) 2738 (3.8) 13,011 (18.1) |
21,180/71,765 |
<0.001 |
| Education (≥9 years - n, %) | 67.9 (28.4) | 34.2 (39.4) | 2393/8677 | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2, median (IQR) | 30.0 (7.1) | 25.7 (6.6) | 2251/4695 | <0.001 |
| Clinical severity | ||||
| Hospitalization, n (%) | 9468 (44.7) | 15,180 (21.2) | 21,180/71,765 | <0.001 |
| Hospital stay > 7 days, n (%) | 4080 (57.4) | 2689 (55.8) | 7109/4819 | 0.085 |
| ICU admission, n (% of those hospitalized) | 2125 (22.5) | 2197 (14.5) | 9442/15,157 | <0.001 |
| ICU stay > 6 days, n (%) | 1168 (55.1) | 1073 (49.0) | 2119/2191 | <0.001 |
| Death, n (%) | 1451 (6.9) | 1131 (1.6) | 21,179/71,759 | <0.001 |
| Chest CT on admission consistent with COVID-19, n (%) | 6476 (32.1) | 11,637 (17.3) | 20,188/67,230 | <0.001 |
| Laboratory values | ||||
| Glucose, mg/dL, median (IQR) | 125 (76) | 103 (23) | 2157/3039 | <0.001 |
| HbA1c, %, [mmol/mol] median (IQR) | 6.9 (2.3) [52 (2)] | ----- | 8813/---- | ----- |
| HbA1c > 7% [53 mmol/mol], n (%) | 6989 (48.2) | ----- | 14506/---- | ----- |
| Total chol, mg/dL, median (IQR) | 196.0 (64.6) | 194.0 (63.0) | 1320/802 | 0.126 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL, median (IQR) | 136 (100) | 115.0 (80.7) | 1974/1225 | <0.001 |
| HDL-chol, mg/dL, median (IQR) | 46.9 (17.0) | 49.0 (19.7) | 1465/868 | 0.004 |
| LDL-chol, mg/dL, median (IQR) | 119.5 (55.0) | 118.0 (51.7) | 1549/884 | 0.599 |
| AST, >ULN, n (%) | 632 (23.4) | 831 (20.1) | 2696/4130 | 0.001 |
| ALT, >ULN, n (%) | 586 (21.8) | 944 (22.9) | 2691/4115 | 0.261 |
| D-dimer > ULN, n (%) | 819 (61.1) | 860 (46.6) | 1341/1845 | <0.001 |
| CRP, >ULN, n (%) | 3937 (72.9) | 5844 (62.0) | 5402/9426 | <0.001 |
| Procalcitonin, >ULN, n (%) | 160 (17.3) | 102 (11.8) | 924/861 | 0.001 |
| Lactate dehydrogenase, >ULN, n (%) | 1457 (46.7) | 1566 (36.5) | 3123/4287 | <0.001 |
| Ferritin, >100 ng/mL, n (%) | 1847 (64.3) | 1933 (56.0) | 2871/3451 | <0.001 |
| Fibrinogen, >ULN, n(%) | 306 (79.7) | 347 (74.6) | 384/465 | 0.081 |
| Lymphopenia, Lym # <1000/µL, n (%) | 2387 (20.4) | 4998 (16.6) | 11,684/30,143 | <0.001 |
| Comorbid conditions | ||||
| Smoking (current smoker - n, %) | 2230 (15.5) | 10,845 (20.4) | 14,343/53,230 | <0.001 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 14,054 (66.4) | 16,328 (22.8) | 21,180/71,765 | <0.001 |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 9245 (43.6) | 4926 (6.9) | 21,180/71,765 | <0.001 |
| COPD/Asthma, n (%) | 6769 (32.0) | 10,666 (14.9) | 21,180/71,765 | <0.001 |
| Obesity, n (%) | 1128 (50.2) | 964 (20.5) | 2249/4694 | <0.001 |
| Heart failure, n (%) | 1676 (7.9) | 868 (1.2) | 21,180/71,765 | <0.001 |
| Coronary artery disease, n (%) | 6205 (29.3) | 4893 (6.8) | 21,180/71,765 | <0.001 |
| Peripheral artery disease, n (%) | 1506 (7.1) | 1373 (1.9) | 21,180/71,765 | <0.001 |
| Stroke, n (%) | 684 (3.2) | 451 (0.6) | 21,180/71,765 | <0.001 |
| Diabetic retinopathy, n (%) | 480 (2.3) | ------ | 21,180/----- | |
| Diabetic neuropathy, n (%) | 2380 (11.2) | ------ | 21,180/------ | |
| Chronic kidney disease, n (%) | 1217 (18.9) | 745 (8.4) | 6442/8873 | <0.001 |
| Cancer, n (%) | 1409 (6.7) | 1576 (2.2) | 21,180/71,765 | <0.001 |
| Treatments | ||||
| Insulin-based regimen, n (%) | 4408 (20.8) | ------ | 21,180/------ | |
| RAS blocker, n (%) | 9569 (45.2) | 7685 (10.7) | 21,180/71,765 | <0.001 |
| Statin, n (%) | 5295 (25.0) | 1677 (2.3) | 21,180/71,765 | <0.001 |
| Acetylsalicylic acid, n (%) | 5905 (27.9) | 4500 (6.3) | 21,180/71,765 | <0.001 |