Table 2.
Basic characteristics of patients with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus diagnosed with COVID-19 in Istanbul (after PSM).
| T2DM (n = 18,658) |
Non-DM (n = 18,658) |
Available data (n) (T2DM/Non-DM) |
p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years, median (IQR) | 53 (20) | 53 (20) | 18,658/18,658 | 1.000 |
| Gender, male, n (%) | 8207 (44.0) | 8207 (44.0) | 18,658/18,658 | 1.000 |
| Follow-up center, n (%) Public hospitals University hospitals Private centers |
13,797 (73.9) 1030 (5.5) 3831 (20.5) |
14,431 (77.3) 720 (3.9) 3507 (18.8) |
18,658/18,658 |
<0.001 |
| Education (≥9 years - n,%) | 604 (28.6) | 587 (26.9) | 2112/2182 | 0.21 |
| BMI, kg/m2, median (IQR) | 30.0 (7.1) | 27.1 (6.4) | 2050/1193 | <0.001 |
| Clinical severity | ||||
| Hospitalization, n (%) | 8172 (43.8) | 5485 (29.4) | 18,658/18,658 | <0.001 |
| Hospital stay > 7 days, n (%) | 4080 (57.4) | 2689 (55.8) | 7109/4819 | 0.09 |
| ICU admission, n (% of those hospitalized) | 1706 (20.9) | 1078 (19.7) | 8151/5473 | 0.08 |
| ICU stay > 6 days, n (%) | 913 (53.7) | 584 (54.3) | 1700/1076 | 0.77 |
| Death, n (%) | 1162 (6.2) | 733 (3.9) | 18,657/18,657 | <0.001 |
| Chest CT on admission consistent with COVID-19, n (%) | 5648 (31.8) | 4076 (23.1) | 17,771/17,672 | <0.001 |
| Laboratory values | ||||
| Glucose, mg/dL, median (IQR) | 126 (76) | 107 (28) | 1708/628 | <0.001 |
| HbA1c, %, [mmol/mol] median (IQR) | 6.9 (2.3) [52 (2)] | ------- | 8193/------ | |
| HbA1c > 7% [53 mmol/mol], n (%) | 3798 (46.4) | ------- | 8177/------- | |
| Total chol, mg/dL, median (IQR) | 197 (64) | 201 (57) | 1155/247 | 0.214 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL, median (IQR) | 136 (100) | 121 (79) | 1711/370 | <0.001 |
| HDL-chol, mg/dL, median (IQR) | 47 (18) | 50 (17) | 1281/265 | 0.005 |
| LDL-chol, mg/dL, median (IQR) | 120 (53.9) | 127.8 (51.5) | 1364/270 | 0.048 |
| AST, >ULN, n (%) | 481 (22.6) | 191 (23.6) | 2127/810 | 0.58 |
| ALT, >ULN, n (%) | 493 (23.1) | 138 (16.6) | 2132/833 | <0.001 |
| D-dimer > ULN, n (%) | 594 (58.0) | 254 (68.6) | 1024/370 | <0.001 |
| CRP, >ULN, n (%) | 3023 (69.8) | 1018 (77.4) | 4332/1316 | <0.001 |
| Procalcitonin, >ULN, n (%) | 108 (15.7) | 44 (19.7) | 689/223 | 0.16 |
| Lactate dehydrogenase, >ULN, n (%) | 1139 (44.8) | 472 (53.1) | 2545/889 | <0.001 |
| Ferritin, >100 ng/mL, n (%) | 1462 (62.4) | 509 (70.9) | 2344/718 | <0.001 |
| Fibrinogen, >ULN, n(%) | 234 (79.9) | 96 (78.0) | 293/123 | 0.68 |
| Lymphopenia, Lym # <1000/µL, n (%) | 2009 (19.7) | 1713 (20.5) | 10,212/8346 | 0.15 |
| Comorbid conditions | ||||
| Smoking (current smoker - n, %) | 1960 (15.5) | 2225 (17.1) | 12,681/13,039) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 12,455 (66.8) | 7870 (42.2) | 18,658/18,658 | <0.001 |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 8333 (44.7) | 2456 (13.2) | 18,658/18,658 | <0.001 |
| COPD/Asthma, n (%) | 5845 (31.3) | 3929 (21.1) | 18,658/18,658 | <0.001 |
| Obesity, n (%) | 1024 (50.0) | 344 (28.8) | 2049/1193 | <0.001 |
| Heart failure, n (%) | 1392 (7.5) | 631 (3.4) | 18,658/18,658 | <0.001 |
| Coronary artery disease, n (%) | 5399 (28.9) | 2839 (15.2) | 18,658/18,658 | <0.001 |
| Peripheral artery disease, n (%) | 1318 (7.1) | 646 (3.5) | 18,658/18,658 | <0.001 |
| Stroke, n (%) | 577 (3.1) | 301 (1.6) | 18,658/18,658 | <0.001 |
| Diabetic retinopathy, n (%) | 433 (2.3) | ----- | 18,658/----- | |
| Diabetic neuropathy, n (%) | 2112 (11.3) | ----- | 18,658/----- | |
| Chronic kidney disease, n (%) | 916 (16.9) | 410 (18.5) | 5417/2219 | 0.10 |
| Cancer, n (%) | 1209 (6.5) | 790 (4.2) | 18,658/18,658 | <0.001 |
| Treatments | ||||
| Insulin-based regimen, n (%) | 3340 (17.9) | ------ | 18,658/------ | |
| RAS blocker, n (%) | 8371 (44.9) | 4491 (24.1) | 18,658/18,658 | <0.001 |
| Statin, n (%) | 4727 (25.3) | 1106 (5.9) | 18,658/18,658 | <0.001 |
| Acetylsalicylic acid, n (%) | 5148 (27.6) | 2550 (6.8) | 18,658/18,658 | <0.001 |