Table 2.
Summary of urine biomarkers for CPB-associated AKI.
| Novel biomarkers | Significance | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Urine NGAL | Predictive time point of NGAL for CPB-associated AKI can be advanced as early as 2 h postoperatively. | [10, 107, 122] |
| Urine IL-18 | Urine IL-18 increased at 4-6 h after CPB, peaked at over 25-folds at 12 h, and remained markedly elevated up to 48 h in AKI patients after CPB. | [107] |
| Urine AIM | Urinary AIM peaks within 2 hours in children who developed AKI after CPB surgery. | [102] |
| Urine AAG | Urinary AAG peaks within 2 hours in children who developed AKI after CPB surgery. | [102] |
| Urine Alb | Urinary Alb peaks within 2 hours in children who developed AKI after CPB surgery. | [102] |
| Urine NAG | During surgery urinary excretion of NAG increased in patients with AKI, reaching peak levels at 15 min after reperfusion. | [89] |
| Urine hepcidin-25 | Elevated urinary hepcidin-25 at 24 h is a strong predictor of avoidance of AKI beyond postoperative day 1. | [123] |
| Urine TIMP-2 | Urine TIMP-2 and IGFBP7 are significantly higher in patients with AKI 1 hour after CPB start. | [124] |
| Urine IGFBP7 | ||
| Urine vasopressinase activity | For patients undergoing CPB surgery, their urine vasopressinase activity peaks at the time of arrival to the ICU. In patients who were diagnosed with AKI, urine vasopressinase activity peaked 30 minutes into CPB. | [125] |
NGAL: neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin; IL-18: interleukin-18; AIM: α(1)-microglobulin; AAG: α(1)-acid glycoprotein; Alb: albumin; NAG: N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase.