TABLE 2.
Molecular mechanisms of lnc-MIRHGs
| Class 1: Competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Lnc-MIRHG | Encoded miRNA | sponged_miRNA |
| DANCR | miR-4449 | miR-33a-5p (N. Jiang, Wang, et al., 2017) |
| H19 | miR-675 | miR-106a (Imig et al., 2015), let-7 (Kallen et al., 2013), review (Raveh, Matouk, Gilon, & Hochberg, 2015; L. Zhang et al., 2017) |
| LINC00472 | miR-30c2, -30a | miR-196a (Ye et al., 2018) |
| MEG3 | miR-2392, -770 | miR-181a (Peng et al., 2015) |
| MIR17HG | miR-17, -18a, -19a, -20a, -19b1, -92a1 | miR-375 (Xu et al., 2019) |
| MIR205HG | miR-205 | miR-590-3p (Di Agostino et al., 2018), miR-122-5p (Y. Li, Wang, & Huang, 2019) |
| MIR210HG | miR-210 | miR-503 (J. Li, Wu, Wang, & Zhang, 2017; A. H. Wang et al., 2020), miR-1226-3p (X. Y. Li, Zhou, et al., 2019) |
| MIR22HG | miR-22 | miR-141-3p (Cui, An, Li, Liu, & Liu, 2018) |
| MIR31HG | miR-31 | miR-193b (H. Yang et al., 2016) |
| MIR503HG | miR-503 | miR-103 (Fu et al., 2019) |
| NEAT1 | miR-612 | ceRNA (several, see review) (Dong et al., 2018; Ghafouri-Fard & Taheri, 2019) |
| PVT1 | miR-1204, -1205, -1206, -1207 | miR-143 (J. Chen et al., 2019), review (W. Wang, Zhou, et al., 2019) |
| Class 2: DNA binding | ||
| Lnc-MIRHG | Encoded miRNA | Interacting DNA elements |
| MIR100HG | miR-125b1, -let7a2, -100 | DNA interaction (p27 promoter) (S. Wang, Ke, et al., 2018) |
| MIR205HG | miR-205 | Alu with nearby IRF binding site (Profumo et al., 2019) |
| Class 3: Protein-interaction | ||
| Subclass 3.1: Directly modulating the activity of interacting protein(s) | ||
| Lnc-MIRHG | Encoded miRNA | Interacting protein and the corresponding impact |
| CYTOR/Linc00152 | miR-4435-1 | NCL and Sam68 (facilitate their association) (X. Wang, Yu, et al., 2018), β-catenin (blocks phosphorylation and change localization) (Yue et al., 2018) |
| LINC01138 | miR-5087 | PRMT5 (enhance stability) (Z. Li et al., 2018) |
| MIR22HG | miR-22 | YBX1 (enhance stability) (Su et al., 2018), HuR (regulate localization) (D. Y. Zhang, Zou, et al., 2018) |
| MIR4435-2HG | miR-4435-2 | β-Catenin (enhance stability) (Qian et al., 2018) |
| MIR503HG | miR-503 | hnRNPA2/B1 (promote degradation) (X. Wang, Yu, et al., 2018) |
| NEAT1 | miR-612 | inflammasomes proteins (facilitate assembly) (P. Zhang, Cao, Zhou, Yang, & Wu, 2019) |
| PVT1 | miR-1204, -1205, -1206, -1207 | NPO2 (enhance stability) (F. Wang et al., 2014) |
| Subclass 3.2: Transcriptional regulatory effect via interacting proteins | ||
| Lnc-MIRHG | Encoded miRNA | Interacting protein and the effect on transcription |
| H19 | miR-675 | Several, including EZH, MBD1 (Monnier et al., 2013), hnRNPU (Raveh et al., 2015; L. Zhang et al., 2017) |
| LINC-PINT | miR-29b1 | PRC2 (Marin-Bejar et al., 2013; Marin-Bejar et al., 2017) |
| MEG3 | miR-2392, -770 | JARID2 and EZH2 (Terashima, Tange, Ishimura, & Suzuki, 2017) |
| MEG8 | miR-370, -379, -411, -299, -380, -1,197, -323a, -758, -329-–1, -329-2, -494, -1193, -543, -495 | EZH2 (Terashima, Ishimura, Wanna-Udom, & Suzuki, 2018) |
| MIR2052HG | miR-2052 | EGR1 (Cairns et al., 2019) |
| MIR205HG | miR-205 | Pit1, Zbtb20 (Q. Du et al., 2019), IRF (Profumo et al., 2019) |
| MIR210HG | miR-210 | DNMT1 (Kang et al., 2019) |
| MIR31HG | miR-31 | HIF-1α (Shih et al., 2017) |
| NEAT1 | miR-612 | EZH2 (Q. Chen, Cai, et al., 2018; S. Wang, Zuo, et al., 2019), SFPQ (Hirose et al., 2014) |
| PVT1 | miR-1204, -1205, -1206, -1207 | EZH2 (Kong et al., 2015; Wan et al., 2016; S. Zhang, Zhang, & Liu, 2016) |
| RMST | miR-1251, -135a2 | SOX2 (Ng, Bogu, Soh, & Stanton, 2013) |
| Subclass 3.3: Post-transcriptional regulatory effect via interacting proteins | ||
| Lnc-MIRHG | Encoded miRNA | Interacting protein and the corresponding impact |
| H19 | miR-675 | KSRP (increase KSRP-RNA interaction) (Giovarelli et al., 2014) |
| MIR100HG | miR-125b1, -let7a2, -100 | HuR (increase HuR-target RNA interaction) (Q. Sun, Hao, et al., 2018) |
| MIR22HG | miR-22 | SMAD2 (decrease SMAD2-SMAD4 interaction) (Xu et al., 2020), HuR (decrease HuR-target RNA interaction) (D. Y. Zhang, Zou, et al., 2018) |
| MIR222HG | miR-221, miR-222 | ILF3/ILF2 (maintains DNM3OS stability) (Q. Sun et al., 2020) |
| Subclass 3.4: Other roles via interacting proteins | ||
| Lnc-MIRHG | Encoded miRNA | Interacting protein and corresponding impact |
| NEAT1 | miR-612 | NONO-SFPQ (global regulation of pri-miRNA processing (L. Jiang, Shao, et al., 2017) 1, NONO and other proteins (initiates paraspeckle assembly (Yamazaki et al., 2018) |
| Class 4: Lnc-MIRHGs exerts function by producing small peptides | ||
| Lnc-MIRHG | Encoded miRNA | Peptide information |
| LINC-PINT | miR-29b1 | PINT87aa encoded by CircPINTexon2 (M. Zhang et al., 2018) |