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. 2021 Mar 3;12:625780. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2021.625780

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Copyright © 2021 Stanisic, Jeremic, Majumder, Pushpakumar, George, Singh and Tyagi.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Schematic representation of the study aim. High fat diet (HFD) causes gut dysbiosis (via decreased short chain fatty acids (SCFA) and Bacteroides, and increased Firmicutes and Proteobacteria) resulting in increased lipopolysaccharide (LPS) production and LPS/TLR4 pathway activation in the oral cavity and gastrointestinal tract. Consequently, molecular remodeling occurs by increasing proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9). Due to the mentioned consequences, functional remodeling occurs, by an increase of proinflammatory cytokines, RANKL, and the decrease of OPG. Osteoclastogenesis and alveolar bone loss are promoted by disturbance in expression and activity of MMPs, matrix degradation, and gingival blood flow. This together cause periodontal disease and possibility of tooth loss. Probiotics maids mitigate all these consequences.