Table 2.

Association between total daily water intake per body weight and renal impairment (eGFR ≤ 60 ml/min/1.73 m²)

Total daily water intake per body weight	Renal impairment, %	OR (95% CI)
		Univariable	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4
Lowest (< 20 mL/kg/day)	685 (6.9)	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference
Low-moderate (20–29.9 mL/kg/day)	660 (4.1)	0.58 (0.52–0.65)	0.78 (0.69–0.88)	0.78 (0.69–0.89)	0.82 (0.71–0.95)	0.86 (0.75–0.99)
High-moderate (30–49.9 mL/kg/day)	526 (2.8)	0.38 (0.34–0.43)	0.67 (0.60–0.76)	0.73 (0.64–0.83)	0.75 (0.64–0.87)	0.81 (0.69–0.95)
Highest (≥ 50 mL/kg/day)	90 (1.8)	0.24 (0.19–0.30)	0.56 (0.44–0.71)	0.66 (0.52–0.84)	0.69 (0.52–0.92)	0.76 (0.57–1.02)

Model 1: adjustment for age and gender

Model 2: adjustment for age, gender, BMI, HTN, and diabetes

Model 3: adjustment for age, gender, BMI, HTN, diabetes, household income, education level, occupational type, working hours, frequency of alcohol consumption, and smoking status

Model 4: adjustment for age, gender, BMI, HTN, diabetes, household income, education level, occupational type, working hours, frequency of alcohol consumption, smoking status and total daily sodium intake

eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval, BMI body mass index, HTN hypertension