Table 2:

Main features of currently available mouse models of HHG

Animal Model/Subtype	Immunogenicity	Reproducible Tumor-Host Interaction	Tumor Take and Growth Rate	Reproducibility of Human HGG Genetics and Biology	Stromal Disruption	High-Throughput Preclinical Trials
Exogenous models or xenografts
Syngeneic	None/low					Yes
Heterogeneic	High/requires nude mice					Yes
Orthotopic		Yes				Yes
Heterotopic		No				Yes
Cell suspension			High		Yes
Spheroids			Moderate		Yes
Tumor explants:			Low		No
From primary cell lines			High	Depends on the cell line
From patient tumors			Low	High
Endogenous models
Carcinogenically induced (RT, QT, viral mutagenesis)						No
GEMMs						No
Transplantable GEMMs						Yes

Note:—RT indicates radiation therapy; QT, chemotherapy.