Table 1.
Sample Characteristics of Korean-American Elderly with Chronic Pain (N=132)
| Characteristics | N (%) |
|---|---|
| Age (mean ± SD, range) | 78.33 ± 6.68, 65–95 |
| Gender | |
| Male | 24 (18.18) |
| Female | 108 (81.82) |
| Education | |
| No education | 4 (3.03) |
| ≤ Elementary graduate | 21 (15.91) |
| ≤ Middle school graduate | 26 (19.70) |
| ≤ High school graduate | 43 (32.58) |
| ≤ Some college | 31 (23.48) |
| ≥ Graduate school | 7 (5.30) |
| Perceived economic status | |
| Somewhat difficult for daily living | 10 (7.69) |
| Very difficult for daily living | 42 (32.31) |
| Not difficult at all for daily living | 78 (60.00) |
| Living with spouse | |
| Yes | 74 (56.06) |
| No | 58 (43.94) |
| Comorbidity (multiple responses) | |
| Hypertension | 70 (53.03) |
| Arthritis | 58 (43.94) |
| Osteoporosis | 43 (32.58) |
| Diabetes | 42 (31.82) |
| Eye-related disease | 33 (25.00) |
| Incontinence & bladder-related disease | 26 (19.70) |
| Heart disease | 22 (16.67) |
| No. of comorbid conditions, median (IQR) | 2 (1–4) |
| Types of chronic pain area (multiple responses) | |
| Back | 64 (48.48) |
| Knee | 50 (37.87) |
| Shoulder | 33 (25.00) |
| Leg | 28 (21.21) |
| Arm (including elbow) | 20 (15.15) |
| Neck | 13 (9.84) |
| Finger (including wrist) | 11 (8.33) |
| Foot (including ankle) | 9 (6.81) |
| Hip (including hip joint) | 7 (5.30) |
| Others (abdomen, chest, head area) | 11 (8.33) |
| No. of pain areas, median (IQR) | 2 (1–4) |