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. 2021 Mar 16;12:1689. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-21989-5

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© The Author(s) 2021, corrected publication 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a Illustrations displaying the method used to assemble core-shell PLGA NPs with different surface modifications. b Schematic presentation of the fabrication of the PVA-DOPA@NPs-Dex film with enhanced mucoadhesion for buccal drug delivery. c Schematic diagram of the application of PVA-DOPA@NPs-Dex film to the rat buccal mucosa and the process by which the NPs to sequentially permeate the mucus layer and epithelial cells. PDA-coated PLGA NPs could overcome both barriers rapidly and subsequently release drugs for local or systemic delivery. NPs: nanoparticles, Dex: dexamethasone, PLGA: poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), PEG: poly(ethylene glycol), PVA: poly(vinyl alcohol), PDA: polydopamine, DOPA: 3,4-dihydroxy-D-phenylalanine.