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. 2021 Mar 16;12:1689. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-21989-5

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© The Author(s) 2021, corrected publication 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — a SEM image of PLGA NPs. b TEM images of PLGA, PLGA-PEG, PLGA-PVA, and PLGA-PDA NPs. PLGA: poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), PEG: poly(ethylene glycol), PVA: poly(vinyl alcohol), PDA: polydopamine. Scale bar: 100 nm. c Variation in the particle size of different NPs-Mucin mixtures as a function of time. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001 vs value at 0 h. d Variation in the zeta potential of different NPs-Mucin mixtures as a function of time. **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001 vs value at 0 h. e Percentage of NPs that penetrated across the mucus layer in a Transwell assay after 3 h and 6 h. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001. f Representative trajectories of different NPs in mucus. g MSD (mean squared displacement) values as a function of time scale for different NPs in mucus. h Distributions of the logarithms of individual particle effective diffusivities (D_eff) values at a time scale of 1 s. All data are Mean ± S.D. n = 3 independent samples per group. Statistics was calculated by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post-test. Exact P values are given in the Source Data file. Source data are provided as a Source data file.