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. 2021 Mar 16;11:5996. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-85584-w

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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UV–Vis spectrum (black arrows shows peak absorbance at 420 nm in the spectrum). The ratio of solution X to Y was optimized as indicated in (a) where the 9:1 shows the higher absorbance. The effect of pH on SpNPs synthesis was also observed and shown in (b), the rise in pH indicated better synthesis. Detailed time-based synthesis of solution Z is shown in (c) which confirmed the formation of SpNPs after 3 h. No absorbance is resulted for solution X and Y as shown by UV–Vis spectrum in (c), Mean pixel intensity (MPI) plot (d). The change in color vs. incubation time has shown for solution Z. The decrease in MPI revealed the increase of color darkness.