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. 2021 Mar 16;11:5996. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-85584-w

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Microbial cell viability. E. coli (a) and S. epidermidis (b) were observed using green, fluorescent nuclear stain, Syto 16. The comparative analysis is shown between bacterial cells with (treated with SpNPs) and without the treatment of SpNPs (control). The treated cells exhibited negligible fluorescence as compared to the untreated microbial cells. Bright field and fluorescent images are shown on up and down positions, respectively. Selected areas are zoomed-in for better microbial cell visualization. The scale bar is 10 µm for all images.