Skip to main content
. 2021 Mar 16;11:5958. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-85514-w

Table 2.

Tables demonstrating the results of the multivariate regression analyses for survey questions.

q2 How comfortable are you in using online or app-based information to make personal health decisions?
Coeff SE Z score p value 95% Confidence Interval
Gender Male Reference
Female 0.2380 0.0850 2.80 0.005 0.0714 0.4046
Age group 18–39 Reference
40–59 0.1716 0.1075 1.60 0.111 − 0.0392 0.3824
60 + 0.9757 0.1121 8.70 0.000 0.7560 1.1954
Ethnicity White Reference
BAME 0.0670 0.1268 0.53 0.597 − 0.1814 0.3155
Social group ABC1 Reference
C2DE 0.5096 0.0933 5.46 0.000 0.3268 0.6924
Education Low 0.1148 0.1240 0.93 0.355 − 0.1283 0.3579
Medium 0.0866 0.0978 0.89 0.376 − 0.1051 0.2782
High Reference
Region South Reference
North 0.0370 0.1113 0.33 0.739 − 0.1811 0.2552
Midlands 0.0612 0.1085 0.56 0.573 − 0.1514 0.2738
Scot, Wal, NI − 0.0494 0.1307 − 0.38 0.706 − 0.3055 0.2067
q3 Would you rather have consult a doctor via an app or over the phone?
Coeff SE Z score p value 95% Confidence interval
Gender Male Reference
Female 0.2540 0.1087 2.34 0.019 0.0410 0.4671
Age group 18–39 Reference
40–59 0.2679 0.1265 2.12 0.034 0.0199 0.5159
60 + 1.2091 0.1520 7.96 0.000 0.9113 1.5070
Ethnicity White Reference
BAME − 0.0726 0.1490 − 0.49 0.626 − 0.3647 0.2194
Social group ABC1 Reference
C2DE 0.1437 0.1218 1.18 0.238 -0.0951 0.3825
Education Low 0.4189 0.1689 2.48 0.013 0.0879 0.7498
Medium 0.0857 0.1208 0.71 0.478 -0.1511 0.3226
High Reference
Region South Reference
North 0.0759 0.1442 0.53 0.599 − 0.2067 0.3585
Midlands − 0.0185 0.1385 − 0.13 0.894 − 0.2901 0.2530
Scot, Wal, NI 0.0551 0.1714 0.32 0.748 − 0.2809 0.3910
q5_1 I know how to use the internet to answer questions about my health
Coeff SE Z score p value 95% Confidence interval
Gender Male Reference
Female − 0.1000 0.0867 − 1.15 0.249 − 0.2700 0.0700
Age Group 18–39 Reference
40–59 0.0396 0.1096 0.36 0.718 − 0.1752 0.2544
60 + 0.3839 0.1132 3.39 0.001 0.1621 0.6057
Ethnicity White Reference
BAME 0.0752 0.1307 0.58 0.565 − 0.1809 0.3313
Social Group ABC1 Reference
C2DE 0.2718 0.0954 2.85 0.004 0.0848 0.4589
Education Low 0.4670 0.1281 3.65 0.000 0.2160 0.7180
Medium 0.2097 0.0995 2.11 0.035 0.0147 0.4047
High Reference
Region South Reference
North 0.1365 0.1131 1.21 0.228 − 0.0852 0.3582
Midlands − 0.0413 0.1108 − 0.37 0.709 − 0.2584 0.1757
Scot, Wal, NI − 0.0484 0.1355 − 0.36 0.721 − 0.3141 0.2172
q5_2 I know how to use apps to answer questions about my health
Coeff SE Z score p value 95% Confidence interval
Gender Male Reference
Female 0.0413 0.0825 0.50 0.616 − 0.1203 0.2030
Age group 18–39 Reference
40–59 0.0393 0.1041 0.38 0.706 − 0.1648 0.2434
60 + 0.7316 0.1089 6.72 0.000 0.5181 0.9450
Ethnicity White Reference
BAME − 0.2210 0.1227 − 1.80 0.072 − 0.4616 0.0195
Social group ABC1 Reference
C2DE 0.1257 0.0908 1.38 0.166 − 0.0523 0.3037
Education Low − 0.1335 0.1218 − 1.10 0.273 − 0.3723 0.1052
Medium − 0.1332 0.0951 − 1.40 0.161 − 0.3197 0.0532
High Reference
Region South Reference
North 0.0389 0.1079 0.36 0.719 − 0.1726 0.2504
Midlands − 0.0303 0.1053 − 0.29 0.773 − 0.2367 0.1760
Scot, Wal, NI 0.0197 0.1301 0.15 0.880 − 0.2354 0.2748
q5_3 I know how to use social media to answer questions about my health
Coeff SE Z score p value 95% Confidence interval
Gender Male Reference
Female − 0.0831 0.0819 − 1.01 0.311 − 0.2436 0.0775
Age Group 18–39 Reference
40–59 − 0.1349 0.1030 − 1.31 0.190 − 0.3367 0.0669
60 + 0.5348 0.1075 4.98 0.000 0.3241 0.7455
Ethnicity White Reference
BAME − 0.2885 0.1219 − 2.37 0.018 − 0.5275 − 0.0495
Social Group ABC1 Reference
C2DE 0.0310 0.0900 0.34 0.731 − 0.1454 0.2074
Education Low − 0.2758 0.1212 − 2.28 0.023 − 0.5134 − 0.0382
Medium − 0.2245 0.0942 − 2.38 0.017 − 0.4090 − 0.0399
High Reference
Region South Reference
North − 0.0997 0.1072 − 0.93 0.352 − 0.3098 0.1103
Midlands − 0.1976 0.1049 − 1.88 0.060 − 0.4032 0.0080
Scot, Wal, NI − 0.2346 0.1282 − 1.83 0.067 − 0.4860 0.0167
q6_1 I know where helpful health resources are available on the internet
Coeff SE Z score p value 95% Confidence interval
Gender Male Reference
Female − 0.2090 0.0860 − 2.43 0.015 − 0.3776 − 0.0403
Age group 18–39 Reference
40–59 0.3339 0.1091 3.06 0.002 0.1201 0.5477
60 + 0.7773 0.1132 6.87 0.000 0.5554 0.9992
Ethnicity White Reference
BAME 0.0746 0.1282 0.58 0.560 − 0.1765 0.3258
Social group ABC1 Reference
C2DE 0.2989 0.0950 3.15 0.002 0.1128 0.4850
Education Low 0.5056 0.1270 3.98 0.000 0.2566 0.7545
Medium 0.2461 0.0988 2.49 0.013 0.0525 0.4397
High Reference
Region South Reference
North 0.1140 0.1125 1.01 0.311 − 0.1065 0.3345
Midlands 0.1105 0.1096 1.01 0.313 − 0.1043 0.3254
Scot, Wal, NI − 0.0039 0.1347 − 0.03 0.977 − 0.2679 0.2601
q6_2 I know where helpful health resources are available on apps
Coeff SE Z score p value 95% Confidence interval
Gender Male Reference
Female 0.0335 0.0818 0.41 0.682 − 0.1269 0.1939
Age group 18–39 Reference
40–59 0.1526 0.1040 1.47 0.142 − 0.0511 0.3564
60 + 0.8143 0.1089 7.47 0.000 0.6007 1.0278
Ethnicity White Reference
BAME − 0.2085 0.1220 − 1.71 0.087 − 0.4477 0.0306
Social group ABC1 Reference
C2DE 0.0864 0.0906 0.95 0.340 − 0.0911 0.2639
Education Low − 0.2939 0.1210 − 2.43 0.015 − 0.5310 − 0.0567
Medium − 0.1733 0.0950 − 1.82 0.068 − 0.3595 0.0129
High Reference
Region South Reference
North 0.0173 0.1071 0.16 0.872 − 0.1926 0.2273
Midlands − 0.0213 0.1050 − 0.20 0.839 − 0.2271 0.1845
Scot, Wal, NI 0.0459 0.1278 0.36 0.720 − 0.2046 0.2964
q6_3 I know where helpful health resources are available on social media
Coeff SE Z score p value 95% Confidence interval
Gender Male Reference
Female − 0.1278 0.0819 − 1.56 0.119 − 0.2883 0.0327
Age group 18–39 Reference
40–59 − 0.0388 0.1035 − 0.37 0.708 − 0.2416 0.1640
60 + 0.6177 0.1078 5.73 0.000 0.4064 0.8289
Ethnicity White Reference
BAME − 0.2338 0.1205 − 1.94 0.052 − 0.4700 0.0023
Social group ABC1 Reference
C2DE − 0.0543 0.0904 − 0.60 0.548 − 0.2315 0.1229
Education Low − 0.4383 0.1210 − 3.62 0.000 − 0.6755 − 0.2011
Medium − 0.3138 0.0947 − 3.31 0.001 − 0.4993 − 0.1282
High Reference
Region South Reference
North − 0.1324 0.1072 − 1.24 0.217 − 0.3425 0.0777
Midlands − 0.1459 0.1051 − 1.39 0.165 − 0.3519 0.0600
Scot, Wal, NI − 0.1331 0.1271 − 1.05 0.295 − 0.3822 0.1159
q7 How often would you use online or app-based health resources?
Coeff SE Z score p value 95% Confidence interval
Gender Male Reference
Female − 0.1314 0.0843 − 1.56 0.119 − 0.2966 0.0339
Age group 18–39 Reference
40–59 0.3121 0.1050 2.97 0.003 0.1064 0.5178
60 + 1.0752 0.1111 9.67 0.000 0.8573 1.2930
Ethnicity White Reference
BAME − 0.2583 0.1249 − 2.07 0.039 − 0.5032 − 0.0134
Social group ABC1 Reference
C2DE 0.4089 0.0932 4.39 0.000 0.2262 0.5915
Education Low 0.5550 0.1251 4.43 0.000 0.3097 0.8002
Medium 0.2614 0.0959 2.72 0.006 0.0733 0.4494
High Reference
Region South Reference
North 0.0325 0.1112 0.29 0.770 − 0.1855 0.2505
Midlands 0.1058 0.1080 0.98 0.327 − 0.1059 0.3176
Scot, Wal, NI − 0.0170 0.1304 − 0.13 0.897 − 0.2725 0.2386
q8_1 How often, if at all, would you use the following digital sources to access COVID-19 updates? NHS website
Coeff SE Z score p value 95% Confidence interval
Gender Male Reference
Female − 0.4827 0.1039 − 4.65 0.000 − 0.6864 − 0.2791
Age group 18–39 Reference
40–59 0.1219 0.1203 1.01 0.311 − 0.1138 0.3576
60 + 0.1575 0.1354 1.16 0.245 − 0.1079 0.4230
Ethnicity White Reference
BAME 0.0280 0.1414 0.20 0.843 − 0.2492 0.3051
Social group ABC1 Reference
C2DE 0.1640 0.1169 1.40 0.161 − 0.0651 0.3932
Education Low 0.3073 0.1602 1.92 0.055 − 0.0067 0.6213
Medium 0.1465 0.1128 1.30 0.194 − 0.0745 0.3675
High Reference
Region South Reference
North − 0.2649 0.1339 − 1.98 0.048 − 0.5274 − 0.0025
Midlands − 0.0843 0.1320 − 0.64 0.523 − 0.3429 0.1743
Scot, Wal, NI − 0.1974 0.1584 − 1.25 0.212 − 0.5078 0.1129
q8_2 How often, if at all, would you use the following digital sources to access COVID-19 updates? Other, non-NHS, healthcare websites
Coeff SE Z score p value 95% Confidence interval
Gender Male Reference
Female − 0.1185 0.1040 − 1.14 0.255 − 0.3224 0.0854
Age group 18–39 Reference
40–59 − 0.3477 0.1238 − 2.81 0.005 − 0.5903 − 0.1050
60 + 0.0882 0.1368 0.65 0.519 − 0.1798 0.3563
Ethnicity White Reference
BAME − 0.6298 0.1497 − 4.21 0.000 − 0.9232 − 0.3364
Social group ABC1 Reference
C2DE 0.0081 0.1175 0.07 0.945 − 0.2222 0.2385
Education Low 0.2563 0.1584 1.62 0.106 − 0.0542 0.5668
Medium − 0.0403 0.1158 − 0.35 0.727 − 0.2672 0.1865
High Reference
Region South Reference
North 0.0566 0.1364 0.41 0.678 − 0.2108 0.3240
Midlands 0.0759 0.1337 0.57 0.570 − 0.1861 0.3378
Scot, Wal, NI 0.1476 0.1591 0.93 0.353 − 0.1642 0.4594
q8_3 How often, if at all, would you use the following digital sources to access COVID-19 updates? Tabloid news websites
Coeff SE Z score p value 95% Confidence interval
Gender Male Reference
Female 0.0512 0.1082 0.47 0.636 − 0.1609 0.2633
Age group 18–39 Reference
40–59 − 0.1717 0.1300 − 1.32 0.187 − 0.4266 0.0832
60 + − 0.3291 0.1431 − 2.30 0.021 − 0.6094 − 0.0487
Ethnicity White Reference
BAME − 0.6280 0.1490 − 4.21 0.000 − 0.9201 − 0.3359
Social group ABC1 Reference
C2DE − 0.1256 0.1212 − 1.04 0.300 − 0.3632 0.1121
Education Low − 0.6695 0.1652 − 4.05 0.000 − 0.9933 − 0.3458
Medium − 0.6271 0.1209 − 5.19 0.000 − 0.8641 − 0.3900
High Reference
Region South Reference
North − 0.0371 0.1417 − 0.26 0.794 − 0.3147 0.2406
Midlands 0.0452 0.1397 0.32 0.747 − 0.2287 0.3190
Scot, Wal, NI 0.3084 0.1678 1.84 0.066 − 0.0204 0.6372
q8_4 How often, if at all, would you use the following digital sources to access COVID-19 updates? Broadsheet news websites
Coeff SE Z score p value 95% Confidence interval
Gender Male Reference
Female 0.1206 0.1028 1.17 0.241 − 0.0810 0.3222
Age group 18–39 Reference
40–59 − 0.0291 0.1214 − 0.24 0.810 − 0.2670 0.2087
60 + 0.0158 0.1361 0.12 0.907 − 0.2510 0.2826
Ethnicity White Reference
BAME − 0.4834 0.1453 − 3.33 0.001 − 0.7682 − 0.1986
Social group ABC1 Reference
C2DE 0.3527 0.1173 3.01 0.003 0.1228 0.5827
Education Low 1.0389 0.1606 6.47 0.000 0.7242 1.3537
Medium 0.6026 0.1148 5.25 0.000 0.3776 0.8275
High Reference
Region South Reference
North 0.2428 0.1353 1.80 0.073 − 0.0223 0.5080
Midlands 0.4897 0.1329 3.68 0.000 0.2292 0.7502
Scot, Wal, NI 0.2299 0.1578 1.46 0.145 − 0.0794 0.5393
q8_5 How often, if at all, would you use the following digital sources to access COVID-19 updates? BBC news website
Coeff SE Z score p value 95% Confidence interval
Gender Male Reference
Female 0.0979 0.1023 0.96 0.339 − 0.1026 0.2984
Age group 18–39 Reference
40–59 0.0816 0.1198 0.68 0.496 − 0.1532 0.3164
60 + 0.0223 0.1346 0.17 0.868 − 0.2414 0.2861
Ethnicity White Reference
BAME − 0.3406 0.1427 − 2.39 0.017 − 0.6203 − 0.0609
Social group ABC1 Reference
C2DE 0.4004 0.1177 3.40 0.001 0.1696 0.6312
Education Low 0.3876 0.1578 2.46 0.014 0.0782 0.6970
Medium 0.1006 0.1122 0.90 0.370 − 0.1193 0.3206
High Reference
Region South Reference
North 0.0329 0.1335 0.25 0.805 − 0.2288 0.2946
Midlands − 0.0798 0.1312 − 0.61 0.543 − 0.3369 0.1772
Scot, Wal, NI 0.0257 0.1567 0.16 0.870 − 0.2814 0.3328
q8_6 How often, if at all, would you use the following digital sources to access COVID-19 updates? Social media
Coeff SE Z score p value 95% Confidence interval
Gender Male Reference
Female − 0.2297 0.1032 − 2.23 0.026 − 0.4320 − 0.0274
Age group 18–39 Reference
40–59 0.3140 0.1209 2.60 0.009 0.0770 0.5510
60 + 0.8784 0.1381 6.36 0.000 0.6078 1.1490
Ethnicity White Reference
BAME − 0.5864 0.1430 − 4.10 0.000 − 0.8666 − 0.3062
Social group ABC1 Reference
C2DE − 0.1531 0.1162 − 1.32 0.187 − 0.3809 0.0746
Education Low − 0.3400 0.1588 − 2.14 0.032 − 0.6513 − 0.0287
Medium − 0.3084 0.1140 − 2.70 0.007 − 0.5319 − 0.0849
High Reference
Region South Reference
North 0.0555 0.1357 0.41 0.683 − 0.2105 0.3214
Midlands 0.0073 0.1327 0.05 0.956 − 0.2528 0.2674
Scot, Wal, NI − 0.0878 0.1557 − 0.56 0.573 − 0.3930 0.2175
q9_1 How often, if at all, would you use the following traditional sources to access COVID-19 updates? Television
Coeff SE Z score p value 95% Confidence interval
Gender Male Reference
Female 0.0519 0.0832 0.62 0.533 − 0.1113 0.2150
Age group 18–39 Reference
40–59 − 0.6109 0.1064 − 5.74 0.000 − 0.8195 − 0.4022
60 + − 1.0029 0.1108 − 9.06 0.000 − 1.2200 − 0.7859
Ethnicity White Reference
BAME − 0.1000 0.1262 − 0.79 0.428 − 0.3473 0.1473
Social group ABC1 Reference
C2DE − 0.0471 0.0915 − 0.51 0.607 − 0.2263 0.1322
Education Low − 0.3215 0.1229 − 2.62 0.009 − 0.5624 − 0.0806
Medium − 0.1522 0.0954 − 1.59 0.111 − 0.3392 0.0349
High Reference
Region South Reference
North − 0.3504 0.1086 − 3.23 0.001 − 0.5632 − 0.1376
Midlands − 0.3028 0.1067 − 2.84 0.005 − 0.5120 − 0.0936
Scot, Wal, NI 0.0274 0.1311 0.21 0.834 − 0.2295 0.2843
q9_2 How often, if at all, would you use the following traditional sources to access COVID-19 updates? Radio
Coeff SE Z score p value 95% Confidence interval
Gender Male Reference
Female 0.1449 0.0830 1.74 0.081 − 0.0179 0.3076
Age group 18–39 Reference
40–59 − 0.6250 0.1057 − 5.91 0.000 − 0.8322 − 0.4178
60 + − 0.5573 0.1102 − 5.06 0.000 − 0.7733 − 0.3413
Ethnicity White Reference
BAME 0.1600 0.1257 1.27 0.203 − 0.0863 0.4064
Social group ABC1 Reference
C2DE 0.0891 0.0914 0.97 0.330 − 0.0901 0.2683
Education Low 0.4706 0.1235 3.81 0.000 0.2286 0.7126
Medium 0.0448 0.0954 0.47 0.638 − 0.1422 0.2319
High Reference
Region South Reference
North − 0.0876 0.1090 − 0.80 0.422 − 0.3014 0.1261
Midlands − 0.2649 0.1068 − 2.48 0.013 − 0.4743 -0.0555
Scot, Wal, NI − 0.0744 0.1292 − 0.58 0.565 − 0.3275 0.1788
q9_3 How often, if at all, would you use the following traditional sources to access COVID-19 updates? Print tabloid newspapers/magazines
Coeff SE Z score p value 95% Confidence interval
Gender Male Reference
Female 0.1458 0.0970 1.50 0.133 − 0.0443 0.3359
Age group 18–39 Reference
40–59 − 0.2488 0.1304 − 1.91 0.056 − 0.5045 0.0068
60 + − 0.8712 0.1303 − 6.69 0.000 − 1.1265 − 0.6158
Ethnicity White Reference
BAME − 0.6434 0.1458 − 4.41 0.000 − 0.9292 − 0.3576
Social group ABC1 Reference
C2DE − 0.0643 0.1057 − 0.61 0.543 − 0.2714 0.1428
Education Low − 0.8453 0.1411 − 5.99 0.000 − 1.1219 -0.5686
Medium − 0.5594 0.1165 − 4.80 0.000 − 0.7877 -0.3310
High Reference
Region South Reference
North − 0.1049 0.1274 − 0.82 0.411 − 0.3547 0.1449
Midlands − 0.1911 0.1228 − 1.56 0.120 − 0.4317 0.0495
Scot, Wal, NI 0.0156 0.1564 0.10 0.921 − 0.2910 0.3222
q9_4 How often, if at all, would you use the following traditional sources to access COVID-19 updates? Print broadsheet newspapers
Coeff SE Z score p value 95% Confidence interval
Gender Male Reference
Female 0.2679 0.0899 2.98 0.003 0.0918 0.4441
Age group 18–39 Reference
40–59 − 0.2993 0.1164 − 2.57 0.010 − 0.5274 − 0.0712
60 + − 0.7542 0.1199 − 6.29 0.000 − 0.9891 − 0.5193
Ethnicity White Reference
BAME − 0.3560 0.1335 − 2.67 0.008 − 0.6177 − 0.0943
Social group ABC1 Reference
C2DE 0.2966 0.1011 2.93 0.003 0.0985 0.4948
Education Low 0.6394 0.1362 4.69 0.000 0.3724 0.9064
Medium 0.3303 0.1029 3.21 0.001 0.1287 0.5320
High Reference
Region South Reference
North 0.0704 0.1184 0.59 0.552 − 0.1616 0.3024
Midlands 0.1005 0.1156 0.87 0.385 − 0.1261 0.3270
Scot, Wal, NI 0.0446 0.1420 0.31 0.753 − 0.2336 0.3229
q10 Which, if either, of the following sources do you prefer to use to gather information on COVID-19?
Coeff SE Z score p value 95% Confidence interval
Gender Male Reference
Female − 0.0327 0.1051 − 0.31 0.756 − 0.2386 0.1733
Age group 18–39 Reference
40–59 0.7266 0.1273 5.71 0.000 0.4770 0.9762
60 + 1.6095 0.1407 11.44 0.000 1.3338 1.8853
Ethnicity White Reference
BAME 0.0685 0.1538 0.45 0.656 − 0.2329 0.3699
Social group ABC1 Reference
C2DE 0.2629 0.1169 2.25 0.025 0.0338 0.4919
Education Low 0.5237 0.1572 3.33 0.001 0.2156 0.8318
Medium 0.2198 0.1177 1.87 0.062 − 0.0109 0.4506
High Reference
Region South Reference
North 0.4455 0.1383 3.22 0.001 0.1744 0.7166
Midlands 0.0746 0.1345 0.55 0.579 − 0.1890 0.3382
Scot, Wal, NI − 0.1791 0.1635 − 1.10 0.273 − 0.4996 0.1414
q11_1 To what extent, if at all, do you trust the COVID-19 information you receive from: NHS Website
Coeff SE Z score p value 95% Confidence interval
Gender Male Reference
Female − 0.0250 0.1029 − 0.24 0.808 − 0.2266 0.1766
Age group 18–39 Reference
40–59 0.1723 0.1290 1.34 0.182 − 0.0805 0.4251
60 + 0.2669 0.1352 1.97 0.048 0.0020 0.5319
Ethnicity White Reference
BAME 0.2919 0.1478 1.98 0.048 0.0023 0.5815
Social group ABC1 Reference
C2DE 0.4568 0.1101 4.15 0.000 0.2409 0.6727
Education Low 0.3499 0.1480 2.36 0.018 0.0598 0.6400
Medium 0.1572 0.1188 1.32 0.186 − 0.0757 0.3901
High Reference
Region South Reference
North − 0.0542 0.1334 − 0.41 0.685 − 0.3156 0.2073
Midlands 0.0344 0.1302 0.26 0.792 − 0.2207 0.2895
Scot, Wal, NI − 0.2754 0.1670 − 1.65 0.099 − 0.6027 0.0519
q11_2 To what extent, if at all, do you trust the COVID-19 information you receive from: Other, non-NHS, healthcare websites
Coeff SE Z score p value 95% Confidence interval
Gender Male Reference
Female − 0.0565 0.0930 − 0.61 0.543 − 0.2388 0.1257
Age group 18–39 Reference
40–59 − 0.1654 0.1153 − 1.44 0.151 − 0.3914 0.0605
60 + 0.3121 0.1218 2.56 0.010 0.0734 0.5507
Ethnicity White Reference
BAME − 0.2725 0.1391 − 1.96 0.050 − 0.5451 0.0002
Social group ABC1 Reference
C2DE 0.2236 0.1042 2.15 0.032 0.0194 0.4277
Education Low 0.2266 0.1380 1.64 0.101 − 0.0440 0.4971
Medium 0.0475 0.1054 0.45 0.652 − 0.1592 0.2541
High Reference
Region South Reference
North 0.1049 0.1203 0.87 0.383 − 0.1309 0.3406
Midlands − 0.2370 0.1203 − 1.97 0.049 − 0.4729 -0.0011
Scot, Wal, NI − 0.0277 0.1470 − 0.19 0.850 − 0.3159 0.2604
q11_3 To what extent, if at all, do you trust the COVID-19 information you receive from: Tabloid news websites
Coeff SE Z score p value 95% Confidence interval
Gender Male Reference
Female − 0.0557 0.0941 − 0.59 0.554 − 0.2401 0.1287
Age group 18–39 Reference
40–59 − 0.0147 0.1183 − 0.12 0.901 − 0.2465 0.2172
60 + − 0.5060 0.1234 − 4.10 0.000 − 0.7479 − 0.2641
Ethnicity White Reference
BAME − 0.3464 0.1392 − 2.49 0.013 − 0.6193 − 0.0735
Social group ABC1 Reference
C2DE − 0.2544 0.1037 − 2.45 0.014 − 0.4577 − 0.0512
Education Low − 0.6805 0.1388 − 4.90 0.000 − 0.9525 − 0.4085
Medium − 0.6597 0.1080 − 6.11 0.000 − 0.8713 − 0.4480
High Reference
Region South Reference
North 0.0197 0.1225 0.16 0.872 − 0.2203 0.2597
Midlands − 0.0512 0.1199 − 0.43 0.670 − 0.2862 0.1838
Scot, Wal, NI 0.2600 0.1512 1.72 0.085 − 0.0362 0.5563
q11_4 To what extent, if at all, do you trust the COVID-19 information you receive from: Broadsheet news websites
Coeff SE Z score p value 95% Confidence interval
Gender Male Reference
Female 0.0475 0.0928 0.51 0.609 − 0.1344 0.2293
Age group 18–39 Reference
40–59 − 0.0116 0.1140 − 0.10 0.919 − 0.2350 0.2119
60 + − 0.0329 0.1201 − 0.27 0.784 − 0.2683 0.2025
Ethnicity White Reference
BAME − 0.2663 0.1376 − 1.94 0.053 − 0.5360 0.0034
Social group ABC1 Reference
C2DE 0.3693 0.1025 3.60 0.000 0.1684 0.5702
Education Low 1.0575 0.1409 7.50 0.000 0.7812 1.3337
Medium 0.6312 0.1049 6.02 0.000 0.4255 0.8369
High Reference
Region South Reference
North 0.3204 0.1217 2.63 0.008 0.0818 0.5590
Midlands 0.2463 0.1182 2.08 0.037 0.0146 0.4780
Scot, Wal, NI 0.2141 0.1441 1.49 0.137 − 0.0684 0.4966
q11_5 To what extent, if at all, do you trust the COVID-19 information you receive from: BBC news website
Coeff SE Z score p value 95% Confidence interval
Gender Male Reference
Female 0.0152 0.0888 0.17 0.864 − 0.1589 0.1892
Age group 18–39 Reference
40–59 0.0859 0.1099 0.78 0.434 − 0.1295 0.3014
60 + − 0.0140 0.1150 − 0.12 0.903 − 0.2394 0.2115
Ethnicity White Reference
BAME − 0.2507 0.1317 − 1.90 0.057 − 0.5089 0.0075
Social group ABC1 Reference
C2DE 0.4022 0.0985 4.08 0.000 0.2090 0.5953
Education Low 0.4702 0.1319 3.56 0.000 0.2116 0.7287
Medium 0.3655 0.1006 3.63 0.000 0.1683 0.5628
High Reference
Region South Reference
North − 0.1055 0.1165 − 0.91 0.365 − 0.3340 0.1229
Midlands − 0.0035 0.1128 − 0.03 0.975 − 0.2246 0.2176
Scot, Wal, NI − 0.0110 0.1380 − 0.08 0.937 − 0.2814 0.2594
q11_6 To what extent, if at all, do you trust the COVID-19 information you receive from: Social media
Coeff SE Z score p value 95% Confidence interval
Gender Male Reference
Female − 0.3378 0.0927 − 3.64 0.000 − 0.5195 − 0.1561
Age group 18–39 Reference
40–59 0.0686 0.1123 0.61 0.541 − 0.1515 0.2887
60 + 0.4424 0.1205 3.67 0.000 0.2062 0.6786
Ethnicity White Reference
BAME − 0.6974 0.1357 − 5.14 0.000 − 0.9634 − 0.4314
Social group ABC1 Reference
C2DE 0.0461 0.1020 0.45 0.651 − 0.1538 0.2460
Education Low − 0.6170 0.1393 − 4.43 0.000 − 0.8900 − 0.3440
Medium − 0.2970 0.1042 − 2.85 0.004 − 0.5011 − 0.0928
High Reference
Region South Reference
North 0.2275 0.1199 1.90 0.058 − 0.0075 0.4625
Midlands 0.1044 0.1203 0.87 0.385 − 0.1313 0.3402
Scot, Wal, NI − 0.1350 0.1395 − 0.97 0.333 − 0.4084 0.1385
q12 How confident are you in telling apart reliable COVID-19 information online or through apps?
Coeff SE Z score p value 95% Confidence interval
Gender Male Reference
Female 0.1048 0.0962 1.09 0.276 − 0.0838 0.2934
Age group 18–39 Reference
40–59 − 0.0945 0.1168 − 0.81 0.419 − 0.3233 0.1344
60 + 0.2637 0.1263 2.09 0.037 0.0161 0.5113
Ethnicity White Reference
BAME 0.1883 0.1378 1.37 0.172 − 0.0818 0.4584
Social group ABC1 Reference
C2DE 0.3390 0.1058 3.21 0.001 0.1317 0.5463
Education Low 0.4029 0.1425 2.83 0.005 0.1237 0.6821
Medium 0.1202 0.1083 1.11 0.267 − 0.0920 0.3325
High Reference
Region South Reference
North − 0.0299 0.1247 − 0.24 0.810 − 0.2743 0.2145
Midlands − 0.1126 0.1233 − 0.91 0.361 − 0.3543 0.1290
Scot, Wal, NI − 0.2432 0.1505 − 1.62 0.106 − 0.5382 0.0517
q13_1 If you saw information on COVID-19, which of the following would contribute towards your trust in it? That it comes from the Government
Coeff Std. Err Z score p value 95% Confidence interval
Gender Male Reference
Female 0.0044 0.0934 0.05 0.962 − 0.1786 0.1875
Age group 18–39 Reference
40–59 − 0.2408 0.1182 − 2.04 0.042 − 0.4725 − 0.0091
60 + − 0.1385 0.1213 − 1.14 0.253 − 0.3763 0.0992
Ethnicity White Reference
BAME − 0.0633 0.1391 − 0.46 0.649 − 0.3359 0.2093
Social group ABC1 Reference
C2DE − 0.1099 0.1030 − 1.07 0.286 − 0.3118 0.0919
Education Low 0.1641 0.1372 1.20 0.232 − 0.1049 0.4330
Medium 0.0774 0.1075 0.72 0.472 − 0.1334 0.2882
High Reference
Region South Reference
North − 0.0307 0.1223 − 0.25 0.802 − 0.2704 0.2090
Midlands 0.0175 0.1188 0.15 0.883 − 0.2154 0.2505
Scot, Wal, NI − 0.1789 0.1474 − 1.21 0.225 − 0.4678 0.1101
q13_2 If you saw information on COVID-19, which of the following would contribute towards your trust in it? That it comes from scientists/scientific institutions
Coeff SE Z score p value 95% Confidence interval
Gender Male Reference
Female 0.1400 0.1056 1.33 0.185 − 0.0670 0.3470
Age group 18–39 Reference
40–59 − 0.1364 0.1368 − 1.00 0.319 − 0.4044 0.1317
60 + − 0.1413 0.1405 − 1.01 0.314 − 0.4167 0.1340
Ethnicity White Reference
BAME − 0.5234 0.1559 − 3.36 0.001 − 0.8290 − 0.2178
Social group ABC1 Reference
C2DE − 0.3815 0.1116 − 3.42 0.001 − 0.6002 − 0.1628
Education Low − 1.0539 0.1535 − 6.87 0.000 − 1.3547 − 0.7530
Medium − 0.6077 0.1295 − 4.69 0.000 − 0.8615 − 0.3540
High Reference
Region South Reference
North − 0.2404 0.1403 − 1.71 0.087 − 0.5153 0.0346
Midlands − 0.3917 0.1342 − 2.92 0.004 − 0.6548 − 0.1286
Scot, Wal, NI − 0.1932 0.1655 − 1.17 0.243 − 0.5177 0.1312
q13_6 If you saw information on COVID-19, which of the following would contribute towards your trust in it? The source it comes from
Coeff SE Z score p value 95% Confidence interval
Gender Male Reference
Female − 0.1464 0.0990 − 1.48 0.139 − 0.3404 0.0476
Age group 18–39 Reference
40–59 − 0.4019 0.1209 − 3.33 0.001 − 0.6388 − 0.1650
60 + − 0.7401 0.1291 − 5.73 0.000 − 0.9930 − 0.4871
Ethnicity White Reference
BAME − 0.0372 0.1423 − 0.26 0.794 − 0.3162 0.2417
Social group ABC1 Reference
C2DE − 0.2930 0.1112 − 2.64 0.008 − 0.5109 − 0.0752
Education Low − 0.8875 0.1501 − 5.91 0.000 − 1.1817 − 0.5933
Medium − 0.6311 0.1099 − 5.74 0.000 − 0.8464 − 0.4157
High Reference
Region South Reference
North − 0.2000 0.1300 − 1.54 0.124 − 0.4549 0.0548
Midlands − 0.2475 0.1271 − 1.95 0.052 − 0.4966 0.0017
Scot, Wal, NI − 0.0121 0.1534 − 0.08 0.937 − 0.3127 0.2885
q14 How often do you double check online or app-based health information that you receive?
Coeff SE Z score p value 95% Confidence interval
Gender Male Reference
Female − 0.1068 0.0964 − 1.11 0.268 − 0.2958 0.0822
Age group 18–39 Reference
40–59 − 0.1628 0.1159 − 1.41 0.160 − 0.3899 0.0642
60 + 0.1477 0.1289 1.15 0.252 − 0.1050 0.4004
Ethnicity White Reference
BAME − 0.1274 0.1343 − 0.95 0.343 − 0.3907 0.1358
Social group ABC1 Reference
C2DE 0.3778 0.1097 3.44 0.001 0.1627 0.5928
Education Low 0.8407 0.1511 5.56 0.000 0.5445 1.1369
Medium 0.1489 0.1076 1.38 0.166 − 0.0619 0.3597
High Reference
Region South Reference
North 0.0520 0.1258 0.41 0.679 − 0.1945 0.2986
Midlands 0.0600 0.1242 0.48 0.629 − 0.1834 0.3035
Scot, Wal, NI 0.0104 0.1517 0.07 0.945 − 0.2870 0.3078
q15 How likely are you to engage with digital resources if they were directly linked to the controlling the pandemic?
Coeff SE Z score p value 95% Confidence interval
Gender Male Reference
Female − 0.1072 0.0821 − 1.31 0.192 − 0.2681 0.0537
Age group 18–39 Reference
40–59 0.0973 0.1012 0.96 0.336 − 0.1010 0.2956
60 + 0.3608 0.1071 3.37 0.001 0.1509 0.5707
Ethnicity White Reference
BAME 0.2321 0.1198 1.94 0.053 − 0.0027 0.4669
Social group ABC1 Reference
C2DE 0.4160 0.0903 4.61 0.000 0.2390 0.5930
Education Low 0.1579 0.1199 1.32 0.188 − 0.0771 0.3928
Medium 0.0178 0.0937 0.19 0.849 − 0.1658 0.2014
High Reference
Region South Reference
North 0.2887 0.1082 2.67 0.008 0.0768 0.5007
Midlands 0.0410 0.1037 0.40 0.693 − 0.1622 0.2442
Scot, Wal, NI 0.2440 0.1275 1.91 0.056 − 0.0059 0.4939
q16_1 How comfortable are you in sharing the following personal data with a Government COVID-19 contact tracing app? NHS number
Coeff SE Z score p value 95% Confidence interval
Gender Male Reference
Female 0.2449 0.0822 2.98 0.003 0.0838 0.4061
Age group 18–39 Reference
40–59 0.1674 0.1031 1.62 0.104 − 0.0346 0.3695
60 + − 0.1668 0.1063 − 1.57 0.116 − 0.3751 0.0414
Ethnicity White Reference
BAME 0.1770 0.1211 1.46 0.144 − 0.0604 0.4145
Social group ABC1 Reference
C2DE 0.1285 0.0895 1.44 0.151 − 0.0469 0.3040
Education Low 0.1292 0.1196 1.08 0.280 − 0.1052 0.3637
Medium − 0.0076 0.0943 − 0.08 0.935 − 0.1924 0.1771
High Reference
Region South Reference
North 0.0569 0.1075 0.53 0.597 − 0.1538 0.2677
Midlands − 0.0437 0.1037 − 0.42 0.673 − 0.2469 0.1595
Scot, Wal, NI 0.0877 0.1294 0.68 0.498 − 0.1659 0.3413
q16_2 How comfortable are you in sharing the following personal data with a Government COVID-19 contact tracing app? Age
Coeff SE Z score p value 95% Confidence interval
Gender Male Reference
Female 0.1095 0.0844 1.30 0.195 − 0.0560 0.2750
Age group 18–39 Reference
40–59 0.1224 0.1054 1.16 0.245 − 0.0841 0.3289
60 + − 0.1541 0.1100 − 1.40 0.161 − 0.3696 0.0615
Ethnicity White Reference
BAME 0.2155 0.1220 1.77 0.077 − 0.0236 0.4546
Social group ABC1 Reference
C2DE 0.1332 0.0922 1.44 0.149 − 0.0476 0.3139
Education Low 0.0580 0.1234 0.47 0.638 − 0.1838 0.2997
Medium − 0.0732 0.0969 − 0.76 0.450 − 0.2631 0.1167
High Reference
Region South Reference
North 0.0548 0.1104 0.50 0.620 − 0.1616 0.2711
Midlands 0.0899 0.1066 0.84 0.399 − 0.1191 0.2989
Scot, Wal, NI 0.0658 0.1329 0.50 0.621 − 0.1946 0.3262
q16_3 How comfortable are you in sharing the following personal data with a Government COVID-19 contact tracing app? Location
Coeff SE Z score p value 95% Confidence interval
Gender Male Reference
Female 0.1284 0.0827 1.55 0.120 − 0.0336 0.2904
Age Group 18–39 Reference
40–59 − 0.2813 0.1037 − 2.71 0.007 − 0.4845 − 0.0781
60 + − 0.6367 0.1079 − 5.90 0.000 − 0.8481 − 0.4252
Ethnicity White Reference
BAME 0.2632 0.1204 2.19 0.029 0.0272 0.4992
Social Group ABC1 Reference
C2DE 0.2122 0.0901 2.36 0.018 0.0357 0.3888
Education Low 0.0716 0.1205 0.59 0.553 − 0.1646 0.3077
Medium 0.0403 0.0950 0.42 0.671 − 0.1459 0.2264
High Reference
Region South Reference
North − 0.0373 0.1083 − 0.34 0.731 − 0.2495 0.1750
Midlands − 0.0062 0.1041 − 0.06 0.952 − 0.2103 0.1979
Scot, Wal, NI 0.1129 0.1289 0.88 0.381 − 0.1397 0.3654
q16_4 How comfortable are you in sharing the following personal data with a Government COVID-19 contact tracing app? Medical history
Coeff SE Z score p value 95% Confidence interval
Gender Male Reference
Female 0.0879 0.0819 1.07 0.283 − 0.0726 0.2484
Age group 18–39 Reference
40–59 0.1331 0.1031 1.29 0.197 − 0.0689 0.3352
60 + − 0.1849 0.1059 − 1.75 0.081 − 0.3925 0.0226
Ethnicity White Reference
BAME 0.0222 0.1206 0.18 0.854 − 0.2141 0.2586
Social group ABC1 Reference
C2DE 0.0707 0.0900 0.79 0.432 − 0.1057 0.2471
Education Low − 0.1372 0.1210 − 1.13 0.257 − 0.3744 0.1000
Medium − 0.1391 0.0939 − 1.48 0.138 − 0.3230 0.0449
High Reference
Region South Reference
North 0.0393 0.1074 0.37 0.715 − 0.1713 0.2498
Midlands − 0.0922 0.1033 − 0.89 0.372 − 0.2947 0.1103
Scot, Wal, NI 0.0864 0.1285 0.67 0.502 − 0.1656 0.3383
q17_1 How comfortable are you in sharing the following personal data with an industry-led COVID-19 contact tracing app? NHS number
Coeff SE Z score p value 95% Confidence interval
Gender Male Reference
Female 0.1600 0.0865 1.85 0.064 − 0.0095 0.3296
Age group 18–39 Reference
40–59 0.0164 0.1087 0.15 0.880 − 0.1966 0.2294
60 + 0.1777 0.1128 1.58 0.115 − 0.0434 0.3989
Ethnicity White Reference
BAME − 0.1019 0.1296 − 0.79 0.432 − 0.3560 0.1521
Social group ABC1 Reference
C2DE − 0.0358 0.0951 − 0.38 0.707 − 0.2222 0.1507
Education Low 0.0090 0.1275 0.07 0.944 − 0.2410 0.2589
Medium − 0.0089 0.0995 − 0.09 0.929 − 0.2038 0.1860
High Reference
Region South Reference
North 0.1277 0.1147 1.11 0.266 − 0.0971 0.3526
Midlands − 0.1239 0.1087 − 1.14 0.254 − 0.3370 0.0891
Scot, Wal, NI 0.1038 0.1364 0.76 0.447 − 0.1634 0.3710
q17_2 How comfortable are you in sharing the following personal data with an industry-led COVID-19 contact tracing app? Age
Coeff SE Z score p value 95% Confidence interval
Gender Male Reference
Female 0.1224 0.0825 1.48 0.138 − 0.0393 0.2840
Age group 18–39 Reference
40–59 0.2048 0.1035 1.98 0.048 0.0019 0.4077
60 + 0.6356 0.1070 5.94 0.000 0.4258 0.8453
Ethnicity White Reference
BAME 0.1611 0.1244 1.29 0.195 − 0.0827 0.4048
Social group ABC1 Reference
C2DE − 0.0308 0.0897 − 0.34 0.732 − 0.2066 0.1451
Education Low 0.1245 0.1205 1.03 0.301 − 0.1116 0.3606
Medium 0.1097 0.0940 1.17 0.243 − 0.0746 0.2940
High Reference
Region South Reference
North 0.2006 0.1080 1.86 0.063 − 0.0110 0.4122
Midlands 0.0565 0.1038 0.54 0.586 − 0.1470 0.2599
Scot, Wal, NI − 0.0382 0.1299 − 0.29 0.769 − 0.2928 0.2165
q17_3 How comfortable are you in sharing the following personal data with an industry-led COVID-19 contact tracing app? Location
Coeff SE Z score p value 95% Confidence interval
Gender Male Reference
Female 0.2100 0.0828 2.54 0.011 0.0477 0.3723
Age group 18–39 Reference
40–59 − 0.0181 0.1039 − 0.17 0.861 − 0.2217 0.1854
60 + 0.3386 0.1075 3.15 0.002 0.1280 0.5492
Ethnicity White Reference
BAME 0.2095 0.1244 1.68 0.092 − 0.0343 0.4534
Social group ABC1 Reference
C2DE 0.0834 0.0900 0.93 0.354 − 0.0930 0.2597
Education Low 0.1403 0.1213 1.16 0.248 − 0.0975 0.3782
Medium 0.0161 0.0949 0.17 0.865 − 0.1699 0.2021
High Reference
Region South Reference
North 0.1173 0.1092 1.07 0.283 − 0.0967 0.3313
Midlands − 0.0254 0.1048 − 0.24 0.809 − 0.2309 0.1801
Scot, Wal, NI − 0.0473 0.1294 − 0.37 0.715 − 0.3008 0.2063
q17_4 How comfortable are you in sharing the following personal data with an industry-led COVID-19 contact tracing app? Medical history
Coeff SE Z score p value 95% Confidence interval
Gender Male Reference
Female − 0.0029 0.0872 − 0.03 0.973 − 0.1738 0.1680
Age group 18–39 Reference
40–59 0.0872 0.1096 0.80 0.426 − 0.1276 0.3020
60 + 0.2972 0.1136 2.62 0.009 0.0746 0.5198
Ethnicity White Reference
BAME − 0.1052 0.1310 − 0.80 0.422 − 0.3619 0.1515
Social group ABC1 Reference
C2DE − 0.0718 0.0954 − 0.75 0.452 − 0.2587 0.1152
Education Low − 0.1227 0.1291 − 0.95 0.342 − 0.3757 0.1304
Medium − 0.1177 0.1003 − 1.17 0.240 − 0.3142 0.0788
High Reference
Region South Reference
North 0.0615 0.1153 0.53 0.594 − 0.1645 0.2874
Midlands − 0.1427 0.1095 − 1.30 0.192 − 0.3573 0.0719
Scot, Wal, NI 0.0362 0.1375 0.26 0.792 − 0.2332 0.3056