Table 2:
Catheter angiography collateral scoring methodsa
| Description | Grading | Author (No.) | Acute (<24 hr from Symptom Onset)/Non-Acute | Reliability Assessed? | Prognostic Significance of Good Collateral Flow Grade in Acute Stroke |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Extent of anterograde and retrograde vessel filling | 0–3 | Brandt7 (20) | Acute | No | Beneficial7,8 |
| Arnold et al8 (40) | |||||
| No. and rapidity of collateral vessel filling | 0–2 | von Kummer9 (53) | Acute | No | Beneficial |
| No. and rapidity of collateral vessel filling | N/A | Bozzao et al10 (36) | Acute | No | NS10 |
| Bozzao et al11 (36) | NS11, beneficial63 | ||||
| Toni et al63 (80) | |||||
| Filling extent of main and distal vessels via collaterals | 0–3 | Wu et al13 (51) | Nonacute | No | N/A |
| Reconstitution of vessel relative to occlusion | 1–5 | Christoforidis et al6 (104) | Acute | Yes, κ = 0.816,14 | Beneficial6,14 |
| Christoforidis et al14 (53) | |||||
| Retrograde MCA flow to insula | Present, absent, indeterminate | Derdeyn et al15 (117) | Nonacute | No | N/A |
| Rapidity and extent of retrograde collateral flow | 0–4 | Bang et al4 (44) | Acute | No | Beneficial4,17,20 |
| Higashida et al16 (0)a | N/A16 | ||||
| Bang et al17 (119) | No effect18 | ||||
| Ovbiagele et al18 (95) | NS19,21–23 | ||||
| Sanossian et al19 (74) | |||||
| Liebeskind20 (120) | |||||
| Liebeskind21 (120) | |||||
| Liebeskind22 (50) | |||||
| Liebeskind23 (66) | |||||
| Flow extent across cortical surface | N/A | Powers et al24 (19) | Nonacute | No | N/A |
| Visual inspection | N/A | Klijn et al25 (76) | Nonacute | No | N/A |
| Delayed contrast washout | N/A | Essig et al26 (30) | Nonacute | No | N/A |
| Visualization of slow flow | N/A | Kamran et al27 (8) | Acute | No | NS |
| Visualization of flow pattern | Grade 4 = leptomeningeal flow | Ozgur et al28 (27) | Nonacute | No | N/A |
| Cortical branches from contralateral ACA/PCA | N/A | Rutgers et al29 (112) | Nonacute | No | N/A |
| Visualization of pial vessels | N/A | Zappe et al30 (86) | Unclear | No | NS |
| Visualization of anastomoses from adjacent vascular territories | N/A | Noguchi et al31 (5) | Acute | No | NS |
| Visualization of arteriogram | N/A | Grubb et al32 (81) | Nonacute | No | N/A |
| Cortical arteries from PCA | N/A | Fukuyama et al33 (3) | Nonacute | No | N/A |
| No. and rapidity of vessel filling | 0–2 | Lee et al34 (8) | Acute | No | NS |
| Distal MCA branches filling through ACA or PCA | N/A | Kim et al35 (51) | Acute | No | NS |
| Retrograde vessel filling | N/A | Kinoshita et al36 (10) | Unclear | No | NS |
| Cortical branches from PCA to MCA | N/A | van Laar et al37 (23) | Nonacute | No | N/A |
| Retrograde filling of MCA branches | N/A | Yamauchi et al38 (42) | Nonacute | No | N/A |
| Extent and no. of vessels filling via collateral flow | Absent, mild, or prominent | Uemura et al39 (25) | Combination | No | NS |
| Combination of occlusion site and extent of collateral flow | 0–5 | Qureshi40 (15) | Acute | Yes, κ = 0.7340 | Beneficial40–42 |
| Mohammad et al41 (57) | |||||
| Mohammad et al42 (55) | |||||
| Extent of retrograde flow in MCA | Good, poor | Kucinski et al43 (111) | Acute | No | Beneficial |
| Gasparotti et al44 (27) | |||||
| Capillary blush in MCA | Grade 4 = leptomeningeal flow | Russell et al45 (14) | Nonacute | No | N/A |
| MCA/PCA filling from posterior circulation | N/A | Bischopps et al46 (68) | Nonacute | No | N/A |
| Opacification of basilar artery by collaterals | Distal vs distal and proximal | Cross et al47 (24) | Acute | No | Beneficial |
| Cortical branches filling MCA/ACA from PCA | N/A | Bokkers et al48 (17) | Nonacute | No | N/A |
| Pial collateral flow from ACA and PCA | N/A | Derdeyn et al49 (10) | Nonacute | No | N/A |
| Flow via anastomotic channels on brain surface | N/A | Smith et al50 (18) | Nonacute | No | N/A |
| Collateral flow assessment based on ASPECTS (13 areas) | 0–3 in corresponding anatomic locations | Chng et al51 (18) | Nonacute | No | N/A |
| No. and rapidity of vessel filling from ACA | Good or scarce | von Kummer et al52 (77) | Acute | No | No effect |
| No. and rapidity of vessel filling from ACA and PCA | 0–2 | von Kummer et al53 (32) | Acute | No | Beneficial |
| Filling extent of at risk territory | 1–3 | Roberts et al54 (180) | Acute | No | Beneficial |
| Collateral flow assessment based on ASPECTS (15 areas) | 0–3 in corresponding anatomic locations | Kim et al55 (44) | Acute | No | Beneficial |
| MCA branch filling in early venous phase | Good, moderate, poor | Ringelstein et al56 (34) | Acute | No | Beneficial |
| Retrograde arterioles visualized in capillary phase | N/A | Weidner et al57 (4) | Unclear | No | NS57 |
| Presence of superficial PCA/ACA cortical branches | N/A | Hoffmeijer et al58 (70) | Nonacute | No | N/A |
| Extent of leptomeningeal anastomoses in occluded territory | Poor, good | Arnold et al59 (98) | Acute | No | No effect59 |
| Meier et al60 (311) | Beneficial60 | ||||
| Presence of collaterals in affected territory | None/minimal, moderate/max | Gonner et al61 (43) | Acute | No | No effect61 |
| Brekenfeld et al62 (294) | Beneficial62 |
Note:—NS indicates not stated; N/A, not applicable; ASPECTS, Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score; max., maximal; PCA, posterior cerebral artery.
a
Proposal on working group on collateral grading.