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. 2020 Oct 7;163(4):895–903. doi: 10.1007/s00701-020-04545-w

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — The figure shows the 3-D reconstructions of the prepared cases 1–5 (rows) as summarized in Table 1. Per row this figure shows the step by step reduction of anatomy until specific function-related fiber tracts are revealed. Case 1: a cerebral cortex and transparent skin including tumor and ventricles; b whole brain tractography; c specific fibers revealed, such as CST (yellow), FAT (blue), IFOF (green), and AF (pink). Case 2: d cerebral cortex and skin including tumor and ventricles; e cerebral cortex and transparent skin; f whole brain tractography; g IFOF (green), tumor, and ventricles; h SLF (pink), tumor, and ventricles. Case 3: i cerebral cortex and transparent skin including tumor and ventricles; j whole brain tractography; k specific fibers revealed for motor and language, such as CST (yellow) and SLF (pink). Case 4: l cerebral cortex and skin including tumor and ventricles; m whole brain tractography; n whole brain tractography without head; o specific language (pink) and motor (yellow)-related fibers revealed. Case 5: p whole brain tractography and skin including tumor and ventricles; q additional cortical location of motor (green) and language (pink) function; r specific fibers revealed, such as CST (yellow), FAT (blue), IFOF (green), SLF (pink), optic radiation (red), and tumor; s the skin, tumor, and ventricles plus MEP-positive sites of cortical motor function (green) with CST (yellow)