Table 1.

Examples of bifunctional biomaterials mainly include 3D-printed scaffolds, nano/microparticle-containing scaffolds, hydrogels, and bone-targeting nanomaterials in tumor therapy and bone regeneration

Platform	Biomaterial	Tumor therapy	Bone regeneration	Ref.
3D-printed scaffolds	3D-printed Fe-CaSiO3 scaffold	Synergistic photothermal and ROS therapy enhanced Saos-2 bone tumor therapy in the backs of nude mice	The active elements Fe, Ca, Si in the scaffold enhanced large bone defect repair in rabbits	99
	Silicone resin-derived larnite/C 3D-printed scaffold	Photothermal effect inhibited MNNG/HOS human osteosarcoma tumor growth in nude mice	Promotion of bone formation in critical-sized rat calvarial defect by stimulating an osteogenesis-related gene	101
	Coloaded CaO2 and Fe3O4 nanoparticle 3D-printed biomaterial	Reactive oxygen species therapy and magnetic hyperthermia produced a synergistic effect in MNNG/HOS osteosarcoma tumor-bearing BALB/c nude mice	Ca2+ ions released from CaO2 nanoparticles improved the bone regeneration in SD rats cervical defects	102
Nano/microparticle-containing scaffolds	SrFe12O19 nanoparticle modified-mesoporous bioglass/chitosan porous scaffold	Photothermal therapy in MG-63 bone tumors	Bone regeneration in a critical calvarial defect model	110
	Chitosan matrix incorporated Fe3O4 nanoparticles and GdPO4 nanorods	Photothermal effects to avoid postoperative cancer recurrence in MDA-MB-231 breast tumors in nude mice	GdPO4 nanorods in the scaffold as a bioactive component enhanced stabilizing angiogenesis in calvarial defects	112
	Fe3O4 loaded in a polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) bone cement scaffold	An alternating magnetic field induced magnetic nanoparticles for thermal ablation of an in situ bone tumor model	The PMMA-Fe3O4 scaffold with good mechanical support enhanced bone repair in a tibial plateau bone tumor rabbit model	113
Hydrogels	Hydrogenated black TiO2 (H-TiO2) coating with biomimetic hierarchical micro/nanostructures deposited on a titanium implant	Photothermal therapy induced necrosis of Sao-2 bone tumor cells in vitro and in vivo	The hierarchical micro-/nanotopography on an implant improved the adhesion, proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs in vitro	115
	Polydopamine and cisplatin decorating an n-HA surface loaded in chitosan/alginate hydrogels	Photothermal therapy and chemotherapy for 4T1 breast tumor-bearing mice	The bifunctional hydrogel induced bone repair in the joint bones of rabbits	136
	Nanohydroxyapatite hybrid reduced graphene oxide (nHA-rGO) hydrogel	The nHA-rGO hydrogel induced photothermal therapy and killed almost all MG-63 osteosarcoma cells in vitro and in vivo	The nHA-rGO hydrogel promoted bone regeneration with the stimulation of osteoblast mineralization and collagen deposition in a rat cranial defect model	105
Bone-targeting nanomaterials	Gold nanorods enclosed inside mesoporous silica nanoparticles conjugated with zoledronic acid (Au@MSNs-ZOL)	Photothermal therapy enhanced by targeting to treat breast cancer bone metastasis, which was established by direct injection of MDA-MB-231 cells into the left hindlimbs of nude mice	Bone-targeting assisted inhibited the formation of osteoclast-like cells and promoted osteoblast differentiation	167
	Phytic acid (PA)-capped platinum (Pt) nanoparticles	Photothermal therapy of Pt nanoparticles and anticancer capabilities of PA were enhanced by tumor targeting for PC-9-Luc bone tumors in nude mice	PA/Pt nanoparticle-associated combination therapy inhibited osteolysis in the tibias of tumor-bearing nude mice	169