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. 2021 Mar 16;11:5967. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-85268-5

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a–c) Electrical response of the standalone transceiver (green) and the three different classes of RFIDs (80%C, 100%C, and 120%C) stored in isopropyl alcohol (blue) and 24 h after completing the uptake process (red). (d) A direct comparison of the electrical responses of the three batches of intracellular RFIDs 24 h after completing the uptake process. The different devices show different electrical signatures with different resonant frequencies. (e) Mean and standard deviation of the resonant frequency of a sample of 5 devices for each capacitor value RFID. (f) Given a mixed batch of RFIDs with all three types of devices, individual RFIDs can be categorized according to the correlation match between the $S_{11}$ response and the expected RFID $S_{11}$ responses. The x-axis designates individual RFID measurements and the y-axis represents the correlation coefficient calculated from the measurements. Note that high correlation (circled) indicates the measured RFID’s most probable capacitance and corresponding design, enabling us to identify individual RFID tags.