Table 1.

Comparison of GHG emissions reduction (including fossil fuel offset) for pyrolysis systems with sequestration or use of biochar as fuel and use of other biofuels and products.

Study	Process	Product applications	GHG emissions reduction intensity (g CO2-eq MJ−1)
This study	Biomass pyrolysis poly-generation system Temperature: 600 °C Residence time: >1800 s	Biochar: soil application Pyrolysis gas: substitution of coke oven gas and electricity production Bio-oil: substitution of coal tar in chemical raw materials	136.45
		Biochar: charcoal substitution in industries Pyrolysis gas: substitution of coke oven gas and electricity production Bio-oil: substitution of coal tar in chemical raw materials	46.80
Peters et al.28 (Spain)	Biomass slow pyrolysis system Temperature: 450 °C Residence time: ~2500 s	Biochar: soil application Pyrolysis gas: heat production for pyrolysis system and substitution of natural gas Bio-oil: heat production for pyrolysis system	122.18
		Biochar: charcoal substitution in coal power plant Pyrolysis gas: heat production for pyrolysis system and substitution of natural gas Bio-oil: heat production for pyrolysis system	63.22a
Roberts et al14. (the United States)	Biomass slow pyrolysis system Temperature: 450 °C Residence time: long enough	Biochar: soil application Pyrolysis gas: substitution of natural gas for heat product	108.57
		Biochar: charcoal substitution in IGCC plant Pyrolysis gas: substitution of natural gas for heat product	36.64

^aThe reference does not consider the GHG emissions derived from construction process (e.g., equipment and installation) in life-cycle assessment.