Table 4.

Measurement tools and methods used for IC domains

Domain	Measurement tools	Description	Validation status	References
Locomotion	Chair-rise/Chair-stand-SPPB	Repetition of rising from chair measured in seconds (with or without using arm)	Yes	10, 12, 13, 16, 17
	Gait/Walking speed-SPPB	Time taken to walk a distance (3–10 m) at usual pace.	Yes	10, 12–16
	Standing Balance-SPPB	Test of standing balance that progressively gets more difficult (side-by-side stand, semi-tandem, full-tandem)	Yes	10, 13, 16
	Pick Pencil	Inverted time taken to lift a pencil from the floor	-	12
	Grip Strength	Handgrip strength of the dominant hand	Yes
	Others	Sarcopenia, prevalence of falls, functional impairments assessed with an activities of daily living scale, mobility/disability	-	16
Vitality	Question(s) about weight loss and/or appetite	weight loss last three month and loss of appetite; weight loss >/= 4.5kg in last three months as decline in vitality	-	16, 17
	Peak flow test (L/min)	Not described	Yes	12
	Forced expiratory volume (FEV) using spirometer	Three readings were taken and the highest technically satisfactory measure of FEV in 1s (FEV1) was used for assessing vitality.	Yes	10
	Handgrip strength (kg)	Three measurements were taken with each hand and the maximum was recorded	Yes	13
	BMI	Underweight (<18.5) or obese (≥ 30) = 0; overweight (>25, < 30) = 0.5 or normal (18.5–25) = 1	-	12, 13
	Abdominal circumference (to nearest 0.1cm)	-	-	13
	Mid-upper arm circumference	≥ 22 cm	-	15
	Phase angle derived from bioimpedance measurement	-	-
	Mini nutritional assessment (MNA)	Max score 30; higher score better nutrition status	Yes	13, 15
	Biomarkers	Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and Insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1)	-	10
Cognition	MMSE	30-point questionnaire to measure cognitive impairment	Yes (Local)	14
	Modified MMSE	Modified MMSE includes four additional questions to assess temporal and spatial orientation, the ability to see relations between objects, verbal fluency, and memory.	Yes	12, 16
	Sub-parts of MMSE	Two parts (1) assessment of orientation ability in time and (2) memory retention capacity.	Yes	13
	Questions	1) 3 word recall 2) orientation in time and space: e.g. what is the date today? where are you now?	No	17
	Recall, Verbal and Letter tests	Verbal (semantic) fluency assessed by asking participants to name as many animals as they could think of in 1min. Delayed verbal memory assessed using lists of nouns presented aurally. Attention assessed using a letter cancellation task.	Yes (Verbal fluency, face validity)	10
	Community Screening Instrument for Dementia (CSI-D)	CSI-D is a screening instrument for dementia has two components, a cognitive test for non-literate/literate populations and an informant interview regarding performance in everyday living.	Yes	15
Psychological	Self-reported depressive symptoms	Uses 2 questions: 1. Feeling down, depressed, or hopeless? 2. Little interest or pleasure in doing things?	Not mentioned	17
	Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15)	15-item of self-report measure of depression in older adults	Yes	12
	Geriatric Depression Scale	Not described	Yes	16
	EuroQol-5D-use of «anxiety/depression” item	3-point Likert scale: (1 = “I am not anxious or depressed”, 2 = “I am moderately anxious or depressed”, 3 = “I am extremely anxious or depressed”).	Yes	13
	EURO-D depression scale	12-item depressive symptoms scale for older adults	Yes	15
	Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale-CES-D	Self-report depression scale (use of 7 or 8-item)	Yes	10, 14
	Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale-CES-D (fatigue)	Self-report on fatigue («I felt that everything I did was an effort» and «I could not get going during the past week»)	Yes	13
	Self-report sleep disturbance	The frequency of delay in falling asleep, inability to stay asleep, waking up tired and disturbed sleep in the previous month	Yes	10
	Self-report life satisfaction	Question asked: «In general, how do you feel about your life?»	Yes*	12
	Self-report locus of control	measured with eight items, that were summed	Yes*	12
	Self-report Social participation	Average number of hours dedicated in the last 12 months to the following activities: providing help to other adults, church, childcare, civic activities, watching TV, sports, daily tasks, recreational activities	Not mentioned	12
	Mental problems	Not described	Not mentioned	16
Sensory	Whisper test	Evaluator must stand an arm’s length away behind the participant and to one side of the person. The participant or an assistant press on the tragus of the opposite ear. The evaluator then softly whispers a two-syllable word and asks the participant to repeat the word. The test is repeated on the other side of the ear using a different word. The inability to repeat the correct word(s) denotes a decline. If the Whisper test cannot be realized, two questions are asked: Did you notice a worsening of these disorders in the last 4 months or since the last evaluation? Does your family complain of an acute recent hearing loss?	Yes	17
	Screening audiomeuy	Threshold of 35 dB or less is a pass.	Yes	17
	Automated app-based digits-in-noise test	Failure in the automated app-based digits-in-noise test will trigger further evaluation by research team	-	17
	Hearing (Self-reported hearing)	Participants were asked to rate their hearing ability and if they had problems or deafness which interfere with their activities to some extent or may be identified by the interviewer to be deaf.	Yes	10, 12, 14–16
	Self-reported Strawbridge questionnaire	The items for audition and vision were used. Audition is coded from 1 to 12 and vision from 1 to 8, such that the lower the score is, the better the sensory ability.	Yes	13
	Snellen eye test	Not described	Yes	14
	Vision (Self-reported)	Participants were asked to rate their ability to see far, to read and or if they have poor eyesight that interfere with daily activities.	Yes	10, 12, 15–17

- Not described; * Validated locally