Table 3.
Summary of VVC systems in primary TKA: Results showing reoperations and survivorship.
| Autho (year of publication) | No. of Knees | Overall Reoperations (Rate) | Overall Revisions (Rate) | Revisions for Aseptic Loosening (Rate) | Revisions for Infection (Rate) | Reoperations for Other Reasons (Rate) | Complications (rate) | All-Cause Survivorship (Rate) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lachiewicz et al. (1996) | 25 | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 5 (20%)[2 DVT, 3 stiffness {MUA}] | 25 (100%) |
| Hartford et al. (1998) | 17 | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | N/A | N/A | 28 (100%) |
| Easley et al. (2000) | 28 | 1 (3.4%) | 1 (3.4%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (3.4%)[1 periprosthetic fracture {revision}] | 8 (28.6%) [4 DVT, 2 Patellar fracture {conservative}, 1 Siffness {MUA}, 1 periprosthetic fracture] | 27 (96.4%) |
| Anderson et al. (2006) | 55 | 1 (1.8%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (1.8%) [1 patellar clunk syndrome] | 1 (1.8%) [1 patellar clunk syndrome] | 54 (98.1%) |
| Lachiewicz et al. (2006) | 42 | 3 (7.1%) | 2 (4.8%) | 2 (4.8%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (2.4%) [1 I&D] | 8 (19%) [1 dislocation, 2 patellar osteonecrosis, 5 patellar tilt >5°, 1 acute infection] | 39 (92.9%) |
| Lachiewicz et al. (2011) | 27 | 2 (7.4%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (7.4%) [1 I&D, 1 wound complication] | 7 (25.9%) [1 acute infection, 1 hematoma, 5 DVT] | 25 (92.6%) |
| Nam et al. (2012) | 190 | 8 (4.2% | 8 (4.2%) | 5 (2.6%) | 1 (0.5%) | 2 (1.1%) ([1 stiffness {revision}, 1 instability {revision}] | 2 (1.1%) [1 stiffness, 1 instability] | 182 (95.8%) |
| Pang et al. (2013) | 50 | 2 (4%) | 2 (4%) | 1 (2%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (2%) [1 tibial post breakage] | 2 (4%) [2 superficial infection {iv atb}] | 48 (96%) |
| Maynard et al. (2014) | 127 | 13 (10.2%) | 3 (2.4%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (1.6%) | 10 (7.9%) [2 periprosthetic fracture, 1 wound complication, 6 patellar clunk syndrome, 1 patellar fracture] | 17 (13.4%) [4 periprosthetic fracture, 1 wound complication, 6 patellar clunk syndrome, 3 peroneal nerve palsy, 1 patellar fracture, 2 PJI] | 114 (89.8%) |
| Tripathi et al. (2015) | 100 | 3 (3%) | 2 (2%) | 1 (1%) | 1 (1%) | 2 (2%) [1 instability {revision}, 1 I&D] | 8 (8%) [1 instability, 1 acute infection, 6 N/A] | 97 (97%) |
| Camera et al. (2015) | 15 | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 15 (100%) |
| Ruel et al. (2015) | 142 | 14 (9.9%) | 14 (9.9%) | 7 (4.9%) | 2 (1.4%) | 5 (3.5%) [4 stiffness, 1 polyethylene wear] | 31 (21.8%) [28 stiffness, 1 polyethylene wear, 2 PJI] | 128 (90.1%) |
| Cholewinski et al. (2015) | 25 | 5 (20%) | 3 (12%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (8%) | 3 (12%) [2 I&D, 1 instability] | 11 (44%) [2 PJI, 2 acute infection, 1 instability, 4 DVT, 1 wound complication, 1 periprosthetic fracture] | 20 (80%) |
| Luque et al. (2015) | 99 | 11 (11.1%) | 8 (8.1%) | 2 (2%) | 6 (6.1%) | 3 (3%) [2 non-union of tto, 1 periprosthetic fracture] | 9 (9.1%) [6 PJI, 2 non-union of tto, 1 periprosthetic fracture] | 88 (88.9%) |
| Martin et al. (2016) | 427 | 75 (17.6%) | 31 (7.3%) | 19 (4.4%) | 5 (1.2%) | 75 (17.6%) | 84 (19.7%) [25 wound complication, 36 stiffness, 2 periprosthetic fracture, 21 infection] | 352(82.4%) |
| Siqueira et al. (2016) | 247 | 22 (8.9%) | 22 (8.9%) | 2 (0.8%) | 13 (5.3%) | 7 (2.8%) [4 periprosthetic fracture {revision}, 1 arthrofibrosis {revision}, 1 dislocation {revision}, 1 instability {revision}] | 20 (8.1%) [4 periprosthetic fracture, 1 arthrofibrosis, 1 dislocation, 1 instability, 13 PJI] | 225 (91.1%) |
| Deshmukh et al. (2016) | 242 | 6 (2.5%) | 6 (2.5%) | 1 (0.4%) | 4 (1.7%) | 1 (0.4%) [1 arthrofibrosis {revision}] | 9 (3.7%) [4 PJI, 4 stiffness {MUA}, 1 arthrofibrosis {revision}] | 236 (97.5%) |
| Feng et al. (2016) | 48 | 1 (2.1%) | 1 (2.1%) | 1 (2.1%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 9 (18.8%) [5 DVT, 1 periprosthetic fracture, 1 peroneal nerve palsy, 1 heterotopic ossification, 1 patella baja] | 47 (97.9%) |
| Ye et al. (2016) | 35 | 1 (2.9%) | 1 (2.9%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (2.9%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (2.9%) [1 PJI] | 34 (97.1%) |
| Moussa et al. (2017) | 439 | 10 (2.3%) | 10 (2.3%) | 2 (0.5%) | 7 (1.6%) [2 PJI, 2 periprosthetic fracture, 1 instability, 1 stiffness, 1 dislocation of patellar component] | 429 (97.7%) | ||
| 85 SCCK | 1 SCCK (1.2%) | 3 (0.7%) | 1 SCCK (1.2%) | 5 (1.1%) | ||||
| 354 NSCCK | 9 NSCCK (2.5%) | 3 NCCK (0.8%) | 1 NSCCK (0.3%) | 5 NSCCK (1.4%) [2 periprosthetic fracture, 1 instability, 1 stiffness, 1 dislocation of patellar component] | ||||
| Sabatini et al. (2017) | 28 | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (10.7%) [thigh pain] | 28 (100%) |
| Rai et al. (2018) | 36 | 2 (5.6%) | 2 (5.6%) | 1 (2.8%) | 1 (2.8%) | 0 (0%) | 7 (19.4%) [1 PJI, 1 periprosthetic fracture, 3 DVT, 1 peroneal nerve palsy, 1 heterotopic ossification] | 34 (94.4%) |
| Hossain et al. (2019) | 38 | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (2.6%) [1 DVT] | 38 (100%) |
| Li et al. (2019) | 43 | 2 (4.7%) | 2 (4.7%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (4.7%) [2 dislocation] | 9 (9.3%) [4 dislocation, 2 DVT, 1 MCL injury, 1 peroneal nerve palsy, 1 periprosthetic fracture] | 41 (95.3%) |
| Johnson Jr.et al. (2019) | 21 | 2 (9.5%) | 1 (4.8%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (9.5%) [1 arthrofibrosis. 1 patellar clunck syndrome] | 6 (28.6%) [5 arthrofibrosis. 1 patellar clunk syndrome] | 19 (90.5%) |
| Dayan et al. (2019) | 241 | 16 (6.6%) | 16 (6.6%) | 5 (2.1%) | 8 (3.3%) | 3 (1.2%) [1 arthrofibrosis, 1 patellar component loosening, 1 hardware failure] | 9 (3.7%) [8 PJI, 1 arthrofibrosis] | 225 (93.4%) |
| Mancino et al. (2020) | 47 | 3 (6.4%) | 2 (4.2%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (4.2) | 1 (1.1%) [1 patellar clunck syndrome] | 3 (6.4%) [2 PJI. 1 patellar clunk syndrome] | 44 (93.6%) |
| Stockwell et al. (2020) | 68 | 2 (2.9%) | 2 (2.9%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (1.5%) | 1 (1.5%) [instability] | 2 (2.9%) [1 instability, I PJI] | 66 (97.1%) |
| Total | 2902 | 322 (11.1%) | 139 (4.8%) | 50 (1.7%) | 51 (1.8%) | 128/2885 (4.4%) | 279 (9.6%) [82 stiffness/arthrofibrosis (29.3%), 72 infection (25.8%), 28 wound complication (10.0%), 26 DVT (9.3%), 19 periprosthetic fracture (6.8%), 9 patellar clunk (3.2%), 6 peroneal nerve palsy (2.1%)] | 2643 (91.1%) |
N/A, not available; I&D, Irrigation and Debridement; TTO, Tibial Tuberosity Osteotomy; SCCK, Stemmed Condylar Constrained Knee; NSCCK, Non-Stemmed Condylar Constrained Knee; DVT, Deep Venous Thrombosis; MCL, Medial Collateral Ligament; PJI, Periprosthetic Joint Infection; MUA, Manipulation Under Anesthesia.