Scheme 1.

Schematic illustration of the synthesis of MNP‐SNOs and its in vivo magneto‐based synergetic therapy. a) Schematics illustrating the ligand exchange and nitrosation procedures of magnetic nanoparticles (CoFe₂O₄@MnFe₂O₄), and the concurrent magnetic hyperthermia/NO gas production under the applied alternating magnetic field (AMF). b) Schematics illustrating a rat tibia with infected implant under the treatments by MNP‐SNOs under AMF. 1) The mature and compact biofilms are fragmentized under magnetic hyperthermia by MNP‐SNOs, and 2) the abundant NO released from MNP‐SNOs in a hyperthermal environment is lethal to sessile bacteria inside biofilms. The MNP‐SNOs also act as chemokines and immunoregulators to direct macrophages to the infection focus and evoke M1 polarization of macrophages. 3) The surviving bacteria are mostly killed by phagocytosis and cytokine secretion of M1 macrophages.