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. 2021 Feb 1;8(6):2002425. doi: 10.1002/advs.202002425

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Ice‐regulation functions of AFP. A) The summary of AFPs with different structures. Reproduced with permission.[ 73 ] Copyright 2014, Elsevier. B) The DIS function of AFPs. C) Probable mechanism of AFPs for ice growth inhibition. B,C) Reproduced with permission.[ 39 ] Copyright 2016, American Chemical Society. D) The different ice‐binding sites on AFPs structure. E) Different faces of AFPs selectively absorb onto PDA and GOPTS surface. F) The typical ice nucleation images on different AFP faces. G) Molecular dynamic simulation results of different AFP faces with water/ice molecules. H) The comparison of hydrogen bonds of IBFs and BIBFs with water/ice. D–H) Reproduced with permission.[ 85 ] Copyright 2016, Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.