Figure 19.

Effects of electric field on ice‐crystal formation and growth. A) Schematic illustration of disturbing effect of microwave irradiation on water pentamer. Reproduced with permission.^{[ 198 ]} Copyright 1992, Wiley‐VCH. Image of ice crystallization B) without microwave irradiation and C) with microwave irradiation. D) Quantitative analysis of visible ice crystallization fraction under different CPA concentrations with and without microwave irradiation. B–D) Reproduced with permission.^{[ 200 ]} Copyright 1997, Elsevier. E) Schematic diagram showing that extracellular and intracellular ice inhibition facilitated the survival of cryopreserved cells.