Table 2.
Multivariable logistic regression examining correlates of anxiety and depression.
| Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Survey 1, Feb 25–Mar 19 (n = 4021) | Survey 2, Apr 15–May 1 (n = 2008) | |||||||
| Anxietya | p | Depressionb | p | Anxietya | p | Depressionb | p | |
| Genderc | ||||||||
| Male | 1.00 | 1.00 | – | – | ||||
| Female | 1.31 (1.08–1.59) | 0.006 | 1.35 (1.13–1.62) | 0.001 | – | – | ||
| Age | ||||||||
| 15–24 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| 25–34 | 1.29 (0.93–1.80) | 0.131 | 1.59 (1.12–2.27) | 0.010 | 0.99 (0.56–1.74) | 0.970 | 0.87 (0.49–1.54) | 0.631 |
| 35–44 | 1.17 (0.82–1.69) | 0.387 | 1.55 (1.06–2.25) | 0.023 | 1.03 (0.55–1.92) | 0.922 | 1.21 (0.66–2.23) | 0.535 |
| 45–64 | 0.79 (0.56–1.13) | 0.194 | 1.40 (0.99–2.00) | 0.059 | 0.74 (0.41–1.32) | 0.306 | 0.90 (0.50–1.61) | 0.715 |
| 65 or above | 0.92 (0.60–1.39) | 0.679 | 2.03 (1.38–3.00) | <0.001 | 0.60 (0.32–1.15) | 0.124 | 0.84 (0.43–1.62) | 0.601 |
| Marital status | ||||||||
| Married | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Unmarried/divorced/widowed | 1.12 (0.90–1.39) | 0.335 | 1.14 (0.93–1.40) | 0.194 | 1.33 (0.95–1.87) | 0.101 | 1.29 (0.93–1.79) | 0.121 |
| Education levelc | ||||||||
| Tertiary or above | 1.00 | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | ||||
| Secondary | 0.89 (0.71–1.11) | 0.295 | 1.19 (0.95–1.48) | 0.129 | – | 1.47 (1.01–2.15) | 0.045 | |
| Primary or below | 0.83 (0.56–1.23) | 0.351 | 0.89 (0.63–1.27) | 0.526 | – | 1.99 (1.10–3.61) | 0.023 | |
| Employmentc | ||||||||
| Employed | – | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Dependent | – | 1.07 (0.84–1.35) | 0.582 | 0.85 (0.57–1.28) | 0.449 | 0.85 (0.58–1.26) | 0.428 | |
| Unemployed | – | 1.52 (1.05–2.20) | 0.026 | 2.15 (1.21–3.79) | 0.009 | 1.97 (1.12–3.44) | 0.018 | |
| Monthly household income (HK$)c | ||||||||
| $80,000 or above | – | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| $60,000–$79,999 | – | 0.88 (0.56–1.36) | 0.555 | 1.09 (0.50–2.36) | 0.836 | 1.11 (0.50–2.48) | 0.792 | |
| $40,000–$59,999 | – | 1.00 (0.71–1.41) | 0.991 | 1.52 (0.82–2.81) | 0.180 | 1.64 (0.87–3.08) | 0.126 | |
| $20,000–$39,999 | – | 0.93 (0.66–1.30) | 0.659 | 1.04 (0.58–1.86) | 0.907 | 1.47 (0.81–2.68) | 0.207 | |
| $19,999 or below | – | 0.89 (0.63–1.28) | 0.537 | 1.09 (0.59–2.01) | 0.793 | 1.29 (0.69–2.41) | 0.422 | |
| Income change | ||||||||
| Stable/Increase | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Decrease | 1.45 (1.19–1.77) | <0.001 | 1.48 (1.23–1.79) | <0.001 | 1.28 (0.95–1.73) | 0.107 | 1.00 (0.75–1.34) | 0.996 |
| Savings (HK$) | ||||||||
| $3,000,000 or above | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| $2,000,000–$2,999,999 | 0.76 (0.35–1.64) | 0.486 | 1.06 (0.52–2.15) | 0.882 | 0.50 (0.11–2.32) | 0.379 | 0.46 (0.10–2.10) | 0.316 |
| $1,000,000–$1,999,999 | 0.64 (0.37–1.11) | 0.114 | 0.68 (0.40–1.17) | 0.164 | 0.57 (0.18–1.87) | 0.357 | 0.69 (0.22–2.10) | 0.510 |
| $500,000–$999,999 | 0.62 (0.37–1.03) | 0.063 | 0.85 (0.52–1.39) | 0.519 | 1.78 (0.69–4.61) | 0.235 | 1.56 (0.62–3.96) | 0.347 |
| $200,000–$499,999 | 0.71 (0.45–1.13) | 0.146 | 1.00 (0.64–1.57) | 0.985 | 1.37 (0.56–3.31) | 0.488 | 1.60 (0.68–3.76) | 0.280 |
| Less than $200,000 | 0.92 (0.60–1.40) | 0.689 | 1.42 (0.93–2.18) | 0.103 | 1.92 (0.84–4.39) | 0.121 | 1.95 (0.87–4.34) | 0.103 |
| None | 0.89 (0.57–1.39) | 0.609 | 1.20 (0.77–1.87) | 0.429 | 2.61 (1.11–6.14) | 0.028 | 2.65 (1.15–6.10) | 0.022 |
| Disruptions to healthy eating and sleep | ||||||||
| Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Medium | 2.26 (1.64–3.10) | <0.001 | 2.45 (1.86–3.24) | <0.001 | 2.23 (1.16–4.30) | 0.016 | 2.27 (1.26–4.06) | 0.006 |
| High | 5.03 (3.62–6.99) | <0.001 | 7.51 (5.60–10.07) | <0.001 | 6.67 (3.33–13.38) | <0.001 | 6.29 (3.35–11.79) | <0.001 |
| Disruptions to socializing and leisure activities | ||||||||
| Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Medium | 1.73 (1.24–2.42) | 0.001 | 1.82 (1.37–2.42) | <0.001 | 2.04 (1.01–4.10) | 0.046 | 1.71 (0.95–3.08) | 0.074 |
| High | 4.18 (2.97–5.89) | <0.001 | 3.09 (2.30–4.16) | <0.001 | 5.12 (2.49–10.54) | <0.001 | 3.12 (1.68–5.77) | <0.001 |
| Disruptions to household chores | ||||||||
| Low | NA | NA | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Medium | NA | NA | 0.65 (0.43–0.99) | 0.043 | 1.03 (0.69–1.54) | 0.878 | ||
| High | NA | NA | 1.12 (0.66–1.90) | 0.670 | 1.37 (0.82–2.29) | 0.234 | ||
| Disruptions to exercising or keeping active | ||||||||
| Low | NA | NA | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Medium | NA | NA | 0.77 (0.49–1.22) | 0.268 | 0.70 (0.46–1.06) | 0.089 | ||
| High | NA | NA | 1.36 (0.83–2.22) | 0.222 | 1.41 (0.89–2.23) | 0.138 | ||
| Disruptions to work or study | ||||||||
| Low | NA | NA | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Medium | NA | NA | 1.36 (0.86–2.14) | 0.190 | 0.89 (0.59–1.35) | 0.575 | ||
| High | NA | NA | 2.15 (1.28–3.59) | 0.004 | 1.77 (1.10–2.84) | 0.019 | ||
| Adoption of all preventive measures | ||||||||
| Yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| No | 1.02 (0.68–1.53) | 0.927 | 0.89 (0.62–1.27) | 0.506 | 1.12 (0.67–1.87) | 0.653 | 0.92 (0.56–1.50) | 0.727 |
| Wear a mask when I go out | ||||||||
| Yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| No | 1.50 (0.79–2.86) | 0.212 | 1.65 (0.97–2.82) | 0.067 | 2.09 (0.42–10.51) | 0.370 | 0.99 (0.20–4.92) | 0.992 |
| Wash hands often | ||||||||
| Yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| No | 0.98 (0.65–1.49) | 0.931 | 1.39 (0.99–1.96) | 0.056 | 0.87 (0.41–1.84) | 0.715 | 0.69 (0.33–1.43) | 0.314 |
| Avoid people with respiratory symptoms | ||||||||
| Yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| No | 0.71 (0.53–0.95) | 0.020 | 1.09 (0.85–1.41) | 0.483 | 0.84 (0.49–1.43) | 0.518 | 0.94 (0.57–1.55) | 0.812 |
| Avoid going to crowded places | ||||||||
| Yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| No | 0.84 (0.64–1.12) | 0.246 | 1.29 (1.01–1.65) | 0.038 | 1.04 (0.64–1.69) | 0.890 | 0.78 (0.48–1.26) | 0.314 |
| Avoid using public transport | ||||||||
| Yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| No | 1.02 (0.71–1.48) | 0.895 | 1.06 (0.78–1.45) | 0.720 | 0.82 (0.52–1.29) | 0.388 | 0.83 (0.54–1.29) | 0.414 |
| Stay at home as much as possible | ||||||||
| Yes | NA | NA | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| No | NA | NA | 1.28 (0.74–2.23) | 0.379 | 1.51 (0.90–2.53) | 0.119 | ||
| Use hand sanitizer | ||||||||
| Yes | NA | NA | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| No | NA | NA | 1.04 (0.60–1.77) | 0.900 | 1.06 (0.64–1.75) | 0.819 | ||
| Disinfect house | ||||||||
| Yes | NA | NA | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| No | NA | NA | 0.58 (0.36–0.93) | 0.023 | 0.87 (0.56–1.34) | 0.523 | ||
Data was weighted by gender, age, and education level based on the Hong Kong population census 2019. All dates are in 2020.
NA not applicable (question was not asked in the survey).
aThe 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-7) scores at or exceeding 10 were used to define clinical levels of anxiety symptoms.
bThe 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) scores at or exceeding 10 were used to define clinical levels of depressive symptoms.
cDemographic variables that were not significant in bivariable analyses (Supplemental Material B) were not included in the multivariable logistic regression.