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. 2021 Mar 9;13(5):832. doi: 10.3390/polym13050832

Table 6.

Advantages and disadvantages of the most commonly used media and techniques in starch modification.

Methods of Starch Modification Medium or Technique of Modification Ref.
Name Advantages Disadvantages
Physical, chemical, and biochemical organic/inorganic
solvents
  • +

    low production cost

  • +

    usually easy recycling

  • +

    wide temperature range of application
  • -

    toxicity

  • -

    volatility

  • -

    usually flammability

  • -

    high temperatures and long times of reaction

 [8,102]
Physical, chemical, and biochemical ionic liquids
  • +

    non-volatility

  • +

    non-flammability

  • +

    multifunctionality

  • +

    designer solvents
  • -

    high cost of production

  • -

    difficult purification and recycling

  • -

    usually toxic

 [144,145,146]
Physical and chemical supercritical CO2
  • +

    easy recycling

  • +

    non-toxicity

  • +

    non-flammability

  • +

    non-volatility

  • +

    multifunctionality
  • -

    high cost of production

  • -

    purification problems

 [159,160,161,162,163]
Physical, chemical, and biochemical microwave radiation
  • +

    reduction of reaction time
  • -

    high cost of apparatus

 [8,132]
Physical and chemical ultrasonication
  • +

    reduction of reaction time
  • -

    high cost of apparatus

 [164,165]
Physical and chemical mechanochemistry
  • +

    reduction of reaction time

  • +

    solvent-free reactions
  • -

    high cost of apparatus

 [166,167,168,169]