Table 5.
Associations with social connection and solace in green/blue spaces during the COVID-19 pandemic.
| N | % | Green Spaces and/or Blue Spaces Have Helped Me to Stay Connected during the Pandemic | Green Spaces and/or Blue Spaces Have Brought Me Solace and Respite in These Challenging Times | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % Yes (95% CI) | OR (95% CrI) | % Yes (95% CI) | OR (95% CrI) | |||
| Full sample N | 2697 | 100 | 25.7 (23.7, 27.9) | 53.7 (51.3, 56.1) | ||
|
Fixed Effects
Gender (ref: Female) |
1217 | 45.1 | 23.0 (20.2, 26.1) | 47.5 (44.0, 51.0) | ||
| Male | 1483 | 54.9 | 28.4 (25.5, 31.4) | 1.47 (1.21, 1.76) | 59.8 (56.4, 63.1) | 1.74 (1.45, 2.06) |
| Age group (ref: 18–24) | 103 | 3.8 | 15.0 (9.0, 23.8) | 52.4 (41.8, 62.7) | ||
| 25–34 | 356 | 13.2 | 27.6 (22.3, 33.6) | 1.84 (0.95, 3.43) | 65.0 (58.8, 70.7) | 1.32 (0.77, 2.12) |
| 35–44 | 448 | 16.6 | 31.5 (26.3, 37.2) | 2.20 (1.13, 4.12) | 51.7 (45.9, 57.4) | 0.78 (0.46, 1.24) |
| 45–54 | 458 | 17.0 | 25.0 (20.6, 30.0) | 1.86 (0.97, 3.48) | 53.2 (47.7, 58.5) | 0.82 (0.48, 1.30) |
| 55–64 | 549 | 20.3 | 21.2 (17.6, 25.3) | 1.76 (0.90, 3.30) | 49.2 (44.3, 54.1) | 0.79 (0.46, 1.25) |
| 65–74 | 541 | 20.0 | 27.0 (22.7, 31.8) | 2.25 (1.08, 4.40) | 51.2 (46.0, 56.3) | 0.73 (0.39, 1.21) |
| 75+ | 245 | 9.1 | 30.5 (24.1, 37.7) | 3.10 (1.37, 6.32) | 44.8 (37.6, 52.3) | 0.54 (0.27, 0.96) |
| Economic status (ref: Employed, not working from home) | 680 | 25.2 | 24.4 (20.5, 28.7) | 49.1 (44.4, 53.8) | ||
| Employed, working from home sometimes | 285 | 10.6 | 27.3 (21.2, 34.3) | 1.19 (0.84, 1.64) | 54.4 (47.2, 61.4) | 1.36 (0.99, 1.82) |
| Employed, working from home often | 201 | 7.4 | 26.9 (20.1, 34.9) | 1.40 (0.95, 1.98) | 56.8 (48.0, 65.2) | 1.57 (1.08, 2.20) |
| Employed, working from home always | 380 | 14.1 | 29.7 (24.2, 36.0) | 1.19 (0.86, 1.59) | 65.2 (58.8, 71.0) | 1.54 (1.13, 2.05) |
| Unemployed | 188 | 7.0 | 24.3 (17.4, 32.9) | 1.34 (0.87, 1.98) | 52.3 (43.3, 61.2) | 1.28 (0.88, 1.82) |
| Retired | 787 | 29.2 | 27.0 (23.5, 30.9) | 1.22 (0.83, 1.73) | 50.1 (45.9, 54.3) | 1.47 (1.05, 2.02) |
| Long-term sick or disabled | 73 | 2.7 | 12.9 (7.0, 22.4) | 1.13 (0.54, 2.01) | 46.5 (32.6, 60.9) | 1.55 (0.86, 2.58) |
| Highest qualification (ref: <Year 12) | 345 | 12.8 | 20.4 (16.2, 25.3) | 41.9 (36.2, 47.9) | ||
| Year 12 | 332 | 12.3 | 22.2 (17.5, 27.8) | 1.35 (0.90, 1.96) | 50.3 (43.9, 56.7) | 1.16 (0.82, 1.62) |
| Certificate or advanced diploma | 744 | 27.6 | 26.4 (22.8, 30.4) | 1.33 (0.95, 1.82) | 52.2 (48.0, 56.3) | 1.33 (0.99, 1.75) |
| Bachelor degree or graduate certificate | 859 | 31.8 | 29.8 (25.7, 34.2) | 1.54 (1.10, 2.10) | 63.5 (58.9, 67.8) | 1.77 (1.32, 2.34) |
| Postgraduate qualification | 420 | 15.6 | 29.2 (23.9, 35.1) | 1.53 (1.04, 2.16) | 63.6 (57.5, 69.3) | 1.84 (1.31, 2.54) |
| Annual household income before tax (AUD; ref: <AUD 50,000) | 776 | 28.7 | 24.9 (21.2, 28.9) | 50.4 (45.9, 54.9) | ||
| AUD 51,000–AUD 100,000 | 842 | 31.2 | 22.2 (18.9, 25.9) | 0.97 (0.75, 1.25) | 50.4 (46.0, 54.8) | 1.06 (0.83, 1.33) |
| AUD 101,000–AUD 150,000 | 468 | 17.3 | 30.8 (25.7, 36.4) | 1.11 (0.79, 1.51) | 53.8 (48.0, 59.5) | 1.13 (0.83, 1.51) |
| >AUD 150,000 | 441 | 16.3 | 29.3 (24.0, 35.1) | 1.06 (0.73, 1.50) | 64.2 (58.3, 69.6) | 1.36 (0.95, 1.88) |
| Financial situation (ref: Comfortable) | 825 | 30.6 | 27.9 (24.1, 32.1) | 58.9 (54.5, 63.1) | ||
| Doing ok | 1156 | 42.8 | 26.9 (23.8, 30.4) | 1.09 (0.87, 1.34) | 52.6 (48.9, 56.4) | 1.01 (0.81, 1.23) |
| Getting by | 491 | 18.2 | 24.7 (20.3, 29.8) | 1.00 (0.75, 1.32) | 50.6 (44.9, 56.2) | 0.92 (0.70, 1.19) |
| Difficult or very difficult | 228 | 8.4 | 15.1 (10.4, 21.5) | 0.59 (0.37, 0.86) | 49.6 (41.6, 57.6) | 0.73 (0.50, 1.02) |
| Nature relatedness scale (ref: Tertile 1 (1.0–3.4)) | 884 | 32.7 | 19.0 (16.3, 22.0) | 38.1 (34.5, 41.7) | ||
| Tertile 2 (3.5–4.0) | 1082 | 40.1 | 27.0 (23.3, 31.0) | 1.65 (1.32, 2.04) | 63.1 (58.7, 67.3) | 2.94 (2.40, 3.56) |
| Tertile 3 (4.1–5.0) | 734 | 27.2 | 36.3 (31.9, 41.0) | 2.27 (1.79, 2.81) | 70.7 (66.5, 74.6) | 3.73 (3.01, 4.59) |
|
Random Effects Unadjusted random effect mean (95% CrI) † |
0.06 (0.01, 0.17) | 0.07 (0.02, 0.22) | ||||
| Adjusted random effect mean (95% CrI) | 0.05 (0.01, 0.18) | 0.07 (0.01, 0.23) | ||||
| Percentage reduction in variance | 1.4 | 4.6 | ||||
OR: Odds Ratio. 95% CrI: 95% Credible Interval. Probabilistic weights applied to descriptive means, percentages and 95% CI (95% Confidence Intervals). † estimates derived from Variance Components Model. Models additionally adjusted for country of birth, household structure, household type, access to a private garden or balcony, and dog ownership.