Table 1.

Variable descriptions and participants’ demographic characteristics.

Variables	Categories	n	%
Left-behind	1 = LBE	386	2.44
	0 = NLBE	15,418	97.56
Male	1 = Male	4767	30.16
	0 = Female	11,037	69.84
Age	≤17	910	5.76
	18	10,528	66.62
	≥19	4366	27.63
Single child	1 = Single child	10,660	67.45
	0 = Non-single child	5144	32.55
Rural	1 = Rural	4566	28.89
	0 = Urban	11,238	71.11
Ethnicity	1 = Han	14,646	92.67
	0 = The minority	1158	7.33
Economic status	Per capita disposable income of respondents’ province in 2014. Three categories:
	1 = Low	1396	8.83
	2 = Medium	3748	23.72
	3 = High	10,660	67.45

Note: LBE indicates a student with left-behind experience; NLBE indicates a student without left-behind experience.