Table 1.

Standardized factor loadings, standard errors (s.e.), latent correlations among the four-factor Brief Multicultural Version of the Test of Mobile Phone Dependence Italian version (TDM-brief-Ita) model and corresponding reliability for each factor.

		Abstinence		Abuse		Tolerance		Lack of Control
		λ	s.e.	λ	s.e.	λ	s.e.	λ	s.e.
1	I spend more time than I would like to talking on my mobile phone, sending SMSs, or using WhatsApp.	0.797 **	0.024
2	I have gone to bed later or slept less because I was using my mobile phone.	0.826 **	0.020
3	I use my mobile phone (calls, SMSs, WhatsApp, …) in situations where, even though not dangerous, it is not appropriate to do so (eating, while other people are talking to me, etc.).	0.675 **	0.030
4	If my mobile phone were broken for an extended period of time and took a long time to fix, I would feel very bad.			0.573 **	0.037
5	I need to use my mobile more and more often.			0.631 **	0.034
6	If I don t have my mobile phone, I feel bad.			0.590 **	0.037
7	When I have my mobile phone with me, I can’t stop using it.					0.821 **	0.026
8	Since I got my mobile phone, I have increased the number of SMSs I send.					0.652 **	0.031
9	As soon as I get up in the morning, the first thing I do is see who has called me on my mobile phone or if someone has sent me an SMS.					0.383 **	0.041
10	I don’t think I could stand spending a week without a mobile phone.							0.528 **	0.035
11	When I feel lonely, I use my mobile phone (calls, SMSs, WhatsApp …).							0.674 **	0.027
12	I would grab my mobile phone and send a message or make a call right now.							0.593 **	0.036
	Abstinence	1.00
	Abuse	0.743	0.042	1.00
	Tolerance	0.891	0.032	0.853	0.041	1.00
	Lack of Control	0.778	0.042	0.977	0.039	0.903	0.037	1.00
	Cronbach Alpha	0.81		0.62		0.59		0.63

** p < 0.01; N = 528.