Table 2.

Study overview and main findings (children and adolescents).

First Author	Country	Assessment of Dental Service Use	Study Type/ Time	Sample	Sample Size; Age; Females in Total Sample	Predisposing Factors	Enabling Factors	Need Factors
Al Agili (2020) [22]	Saudi Arabia	ever visited a dentist (yes/no)	cross-sectional study	third- and eighth-grade children in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia	n = 1397 <9 years: 49.8% 9–14 years: 39.4% >14 years: 10.9% 41.0% female children	Multiple logistic regressions showed that parent education (>high school, OR: 2.0 (95% CI: 1.3–3.1), compared to < high school) was associated with an increased likelihood of having ever visited a dentist among third-grade children, whereas sex and nationality were not associated with ever having visited a dentist among third-grade children. Among eighth-grade children, sex (OR: 2.4, 95% CI: 1.4–4.0) was a significant positive predictor, whereas nationality and parental education remained insignificant.	Furthermore, regressions showed that enabling factors (in terms of school type, family monthly income, government financial support and medical insurance) were not associated with the outcome measure among both third- and eighth-grade children.	Regressions showed that carrying experience was associated with an increased likelihood of having ever visited a dentist among both third-grade (OR: 2.8, 95% CI: 1.7–4.7) and eighth-grade children (OR: 2.3, 95% CI: 1.4–3.8).
Azañedo (2017) [23]	Peru	access to an oral health service within the previous six months (yes/no)	cross-sectional study	Survey on Demography and Family Health 2014–2015	n = 71,614 0–2: 28.7% 3–5: 27.2% 6–11: 44.1% 49.0% female children	Poisson regression showed that age group (6–12: OR: 3.1, 95% CI: 2.9–3.2) was positively associated with dental services use. Gender was not significantly associated.	Enabling factors: Natural region of residency (jungle: OR: 0.8, 95% CI: 0.8–0.8) was negatively, the type health insurance (private: OR: 1.3, 95% CI: 1.1–1.6) was positively, the quintile of wealth (fifth quintile: OR: 1.6, 95% CI: 1.5–1.7) was positively and caregiver’s educational level (higher: OR: 1.6, 95% CI: 1.5–1.8) was also positively related to dental services use. The area of residence and the caregiver’s language were no significant predictors.	not investigated
Baldani (2011) [24]	Brazil	at least one dental visit in one’s lifetime (yes/no)	cross-sectional study	broad household survey in Paraná, Brazil	n = 350 0–6: 52.6% 7–14: 47.4% 51.4% female children	Logistic regression showed that never having had a dental visit was positively associated with only visiting a dentist in case of pain (OR: 4.3, 95% CI: 1.8–10.2), but not significantly with the ownership of one’s family house.	Never having had a dental visit was positively associated with not going to kindergarten or school (OR: 11.2, 95% CI: 5.7–22.1) and not having the health condition regularly monitored by a Family Help Program team (OR: 2.5, 95% CI: 1.3–4.8).	Having reported one’s child oral health problems was negatively related to never having attended a dentist (OR: 0.3, 95% CI: 0.1–0.5).
Baldani (2017) [25]	Brazil	having consulted a dental assistant in one’s lifetime (yes/no)	cross-sectional study	preschool children served by the Family Health Strategy in Paraná, Brazil	n = 438 3: 37.7% 4: 34.9% 5: 27.4% 50.7% female children	Poisson regression showed that age group (4: OR: 1.49, 95% CI: 1.0–2.2) was positively related to dental attendance. Household overcrowding was not significant.	Living with both parents was significantly positively associated with an increased probability of dental attendance (OR: 1.5, 95% CI: 1.0–2.2).	An oral impact on the quality of life was a positively related independent variable (OR: 1.6, 95% CI: 1.1–2.2).
Chertok (2018) [26]	United States	at least one dental visit during the last year (yes/no)	cross-sectional study	Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS)	n = 5814 ≤14: 3.9% 15: 17.3% 16: 27.3% ≥17: 51.5% 48.3% female children	Logistic regression showed that male gender (OR: 0.9, 95% CI: 0.8–1.0), non-white ethnicity (e.g. Hispanic: OR: 0.4, 95% CI: 0.3–0.6), tobacco use (OR: 0.8, 95% CI: 0.6–0.9), substance abuse (OR: 0.8, 95% CI: 0.7–1.0), not drinking soda (OR: 0.8, 95% CI: 0.7–1.0) and never or rarely wearing a seat belt (OR: 0.5, 95% CI: 0.4, 0.7) were related to decreased odds of dental visits.	Not speaking English well was associated with a decreased likelihood of dental visits (OR: 0.2, 95% CI: 0.1–0.4).	Overweight was associated with decreased odds of dental attendance (OR: 0.7, 95% CI: 0.6–0.9).
Gao (2020) [27]	China	at least one dental visit during the last year (yes/no)	cross-sectional study	National Oral Health Survey	n = 40,305 3: 30.7% 4: 34.6% 5: 34.7% 49.8% females	Logistic regression showed that dental attendance was significantly associated with higher age (OR: 1.3, 95% CI: 1.2–1.5), higher parents’ education (OR: 2.3, 95% CI: 2.0–2.7), a high oral health attitude (OR: 1.6, 95% CI: 1.4-1.9) and a high oral health knowledge (OR: 1.4, 95% CI: 1.2–1.5).	Rural location (OR: 0.7, 95% CI: 0.5–0.8) and higher income (OR: 1.4, 95% CI: 1.2–1.7) significantly influenced dental attendance.	Toothache (OR: 9.7, 95% CI: 7.8–12.1) and bad oral health (OR: 3.5, 95% CI: 2.8–4.4) were associated with increased odds, a bad overall health (OR: 0.6, 95% CI: 0.4–0.8) was associated with decreased odds of dental attendance.
Maffioletti (2020) [28]	Brazil	at least one dental visit during the last year (yes/no)	cross-sectional study	12-year old children enrolled in public schools located in a deprived area of the city of Manaus, Brazil	n = 358 12-year olds 58.4% female children	According to a Parsimonious model, dental attendance was associated with parents’ sense of coherence (ß = –0.1, p < 0.05). The child’s gender remained insignificant.	A higher socioeconomic status was linked to decreased odds of dental attendance (ß = −0.2, p < 0.05).	The oral clinical status was significantly related to dental visits (ß = 0.2, p < 0.05).
Naavaal (2017) [29]	United States	at least one dental visit during the last six months because of a dental problem (yes/no)	cross-sectional study	National Health Interview Survey	n = 2834 2–17 female: not displayed	Logistic regression showed that living in the Midwest was associated with a lower likelihood of dental attendance (OR: 0.8, 95% CI: 0.6–1.0). Age, sex, place of birth and race remained insignificant.	Parents’ college degree (OR: 1.7, 95% CI: 1.1–2.6) and a high family income (e.g. ≥ 300%: OR: 2.6, 95% CI: 1.6–3.4) were related to higher chances of dental attendance.	not investigated
Vingilis (2007) [30]	Canada	at least one dental visit during the last two years (yes/no)	longitudinal study	Canadian National Population Health Survey (NPHS)	n = 1493 M = 15.5 (first wave) not displayed	At the second wave, Poisson regression revealed that age, sex, family structure and school or work setting were insignificant.	Income during the first wave (ß = 0.1, p < 0.001) and social involvement during the second wave (ß = 0.1, p < 0.001) were linked to increased chances of dental attendance.	A better self-rated health (e.g. good: ß = –0.5, p < 0.01) and disability (ß = 0.2, p < 0.01) during the first wave were associated with decreased chances of dental attendance. Overall health status was not significant.
Xu (2018) [31]	China	at least one dental visit during the last year (yes/no)	cross-sectional study	preschool children from five kindergartens in Beijing, China	n = 1425 ≤3: 35.5% ≥4: 64.5% 48.4% females	According to negative binomial regression, being older than three years (OR: 1.5, 95% CI: 1.2–1.8), the better education of one’s parents (e.g. master: OR: 1.4, 95% CI: 1.1–1.7) and Kindergarten attendance with regular source of oral health (OR: 2.2, 95% CI: 1.8–2.8) were related to dental visits. Gender, parents’ oral health knowledge and attitude score and occupation or income remained insignificant.	not investigated	Parental perceived bad oral health status of child (OR: 2.1, 95% CI: 1.6–2.8), decayed or missing teeth (OR: 1.0, 95% CI: 1.0–1.1) and dental pain during the last twelve months (OR: 2.1, 95% CI: 1.7–2.5) were related to increased odds of dental attendance.