Table 2.
Publication bias analysis using four methods.
| Outcome | Predictor | Publication Bias Methods | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Motivational factors | Fail Safe Na | ‘5k + 10’ Benchmark | Begg and Mazumdar (Kendall’s Tau) | Egger’s Test (95% CI) |
Trim-and-Fill (95% CI) | |
| Any bullying involvement | 1666 | 95 | −0.088 p = 0.621 |
β = −2.86 (−6.05, 0.33) p = 0.07 |
0.69 (0.62, 0.78) |
|
| Victims only | 1513 | 75 | −0.21 p = 0.328 |
β = −4.06 (−8.26, 0.13) p = 0.056 |
0.66 (0.58, 0.75) |
|
| Bullies only | 4 | 37 | 0.33 p = 0.601 |
β = 0.07 (−67.03, 67.17) p = 0.991 |
0.80 (0.51, 1.24) |
|
| Bully/Victims 1 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | |
| Academic Achievement | Any bullying involvement | 1546 | 80 | −0.45 p = 0.025 |
β = −2.39 (−8.99, 4.21) p = 0.444 |
0.62 (0.49, 0.79) |
| Victims only | 1226 | 60 | −0.42 p = 0.089 |
β = −3.24 (−13.88, 7.39) p = 0.501 |
0.62 (0.47, 0.83) |
|
| Bullies only 2 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | |
| Bully/Victims 2 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | |
| Mediation analysis | Victimisation (for all studies) | 308 | 50 | −0.21 p = 0.457 |
β = −0.83 (−5.34, 3.69) p = 0.669 |
0.70 (0.59, 0.83) |
| Victimisation (for Academic engagement studies, N:3) | 8 | 25 | −0.33 p = 0.601 |
β = −3.10 (−75.86, 69.66) p = 0.684 |
0.79 (0.59–0.99) | |
| Motivational factors | Any bullying involvement | 1666 | 95 | −0.088 p = 0.621 |
β = −2.86 (−6.05, 0.33) p = 0.07 |
0.69 (0.62, 0.78) |
| Victims only | 1513 | 75 | −0.21 p = 0.328 |
β = −4.06 (−8.26, 0.13) p = 0.056 |
0.66 (0.58, 0.75) |
|
| Bullies only | 4 | 37 | 0.33 p = 0.601 |
β = 0.07 (−67.03, 67.17) p = 0.991 |
0.80 (0.51, 1.24) |
|
| Bully/Victims 1 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | |
| Academic Achievement | Any bullying involvement | 1546 | 80 | −0.45 p = 0.025 |
β = −2.39 (−8.99, 4.21) p = 0.444 |
0.62 (0.49, 0.79) |
| Victims only | 1226 | 60 | −0.42 p = 0.089 |
β = −3.24 (−13.88, 7.39) p = 0.501 |
0.62 (0.47, 0.83) |
|
| Bullies only 2 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | |
| Bully/Victims 2 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | |
| Mediation analysis | Victimisation (for all studies) | 308 | 50 | −0.21 p = 0.457 |
β = −0.83 (−5.34, 3.69) p = 0.669 |
0.70 (0.59, 0.83) |
| Victimisation (for Academic engagement studies, N:3) | 8 | 25 | −0.33 p = 0.601 |
β = −3.10 (−75.86, 69.66) p = 0.684 |
0.79 (0.59, 0.99) | |
1 Only one study and thus cannot be performed; 2 Only two studies and thus cannot be performed.