Table 1.
Baseline demographic and lifestyle characteristics of study participants who developed hepatocellular carcinoma (cases) and those who remained cancer free (controls), the Shanghai Cohort Study
| Characteristic | Cases | Controls | P a |
|---|---|---|---|
| Number of subjects | 347 | 691 | |
| Age (year), mean ± SD | 56.8 ± 5.2 | 56.6 ± 5.1 | 0.624 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2), % | |||
| Mean ± SD | 22.0 ± 3.2 | 22.1 ± 3.0 | 0.676 |
| <18.5 | 9.8 | 10.0 | 0.758 |
| 18.5–<23.0 | 54.8 | 53.8 | |
| 23.0–<27.0 | 28.5 | 30.7 | |
| ≥27.0 | 6.9 | 5.5 | |
| Highest level of education, % | |||
| No formal education | 4.1 | 5.2 | 0.649 |
| Primary | 26.2 | 24.8 | |
| Secondary and above | 69.7 | 70.0 | |
| Cigarette smoking, % | |||
| Never smokers | 38.9 | 47.2 | 0.039 |
| Former smokers | 8.1 | 6.5 | |
| Current smokers | 53.0 | 46.3 | |
| Alcohol drinking, % | |||
| Nondrinkers | 59.9 | 57.0 | 0.615 |
| <4 drinks/day | 31.7 | 34.7 | |
| ≥4 drinks/day | 8.4 | 8.3 | |
| Self-reported history of physician-diagnosed type 2 diabetes, % | |||
| No | 99.7 | 99.1 | 0.281 |
| Yes | 0.3 | 0.9 | |
| Self-reported history of physician-diagnosed liver cirrhosis, % | |||
| No | 90.5 | 98.8 | <0.001 |
| Yes | 9.5 | 1.2 | |
| Hepatitis B surface antigen serology, % | |||
| Negative | 42.4 | 88.7 | <0.001 |
| Positive | 57.6 | 11.3 |
aTwo-sided P values were based on t-test for continuous variables or chi-square test for categorical variables.