Table 4.
Urinary levels of 8-epi-prostaglandin F2α and prostaglandin E2 metabolite in relation to risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in all subjects and subgroups stratified by smoking status, alcohol intake and serological status of HBsAg, the Shanghai Cohort Study
| Urinary levels of biomarker in quartilea | 8-epi-prostaglandin F2αb | PGE-Mb | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ca/Co | OR (95% CI)c | Ca/Co | OR (95% CI)c | |
| All subjects | ||||
| First quartile | 52/167 | 1.00 | 70/165 | 1.00 |
| Second quartile | 64/167 | 1.25 (0.76–2.05) | 70/165 | 0.88 (0.55–1.41) |
| Third quartile | 61/167 | 1.08 (0.66–1.79) | 83/165 | 1.19 (0.76–1.89) |
| Fourth quartile | 148/166 | 2.55 (1.62–4.01) | 67/165 | 0.88 (0.55–1.42) |
| P for trend | <0.001 | 0.949 | ||
| Never smokers | ||||
| First quartile | 17/78 | 1.00 | 30/79 | 1.00 |
| Second quartile | 29/78 | 1.95 (0.88–4.29) | 20/77 | 0.57 (0.26–1.24) |
| Third quartile | 22/78 | 1.10 (0.48–2.50) | 36/79 | 1.50 (0.74–3.03) |
| Fourth quartile | 58/77 | 2.45 (1.17–5.16) | 28/73 | 0.86 (0.41–1.81) |
| P for trend | 0.053 | 0.675 | ||
| Ever smokers | ||||
| First quartile | 35/89 | 1.00 | 40/86 | 1.00 |
| Second quartile | 35/89 | 0.93 (0.49–1.79) | 50/88 | 1.09 (0.60–1.98) |
| Third quartile | 39/89 | 1.12 (0.59–2.12) | 47/86 | 1.00 (0.54–1.85) |
| Fourth quartile | 90/89 | 2.68 (1.50–4.81) | 39/92 | 0.87 (0.47–1.64) |
| P for trend | <0.001 | 0.615 | ||
| Non-drinkers of alcohol | ||||
| First quartile | 32/94 | 1.00 | 43/92 | 1.00 |
| Second quartile | 41/99 | 1.31 (0.69–2.49) | 40/95 | 0.79 (0.42–1.48) |
| Third quartile | 39/101 | 1.01 (0.53–1.93) | 52/95 | 1.13 (0.62–2.06) |
| Fourth quartile | 83/86 | 2.56 (1.40–4.69) | 43/90 | 1.03 (0.55–1.93) |
| P for trend | 0.004 | 0.642 | ||
| Drinkers of alcohol | ||||
| First quartile | 20/73 | 1.00 | 27/73 | 1.00 |
| Second quartile | 23/68 | 1.12 (0.51–2.46) | 30/70 | 0.86 (0.41–1.78) |
| Third quartile | 22/66 | 1.19 (0.53–2.67) | 31/70 | 1.19 (0.57–2.48) |
| Fourth quartile | 65/80 | 2.40 (1.20–4.82) | 24/75 | 0.65 (0.31–1.39) |
| P for trend | 0.006 | 0.430 | ||
| HBsAg negative and no cirrhosis | ||||
| First quartile | 23/152 | 1.00 | 28/150 | 1.00 |
| Second quartile | 28/149 | 1.33 (0.72–2.44) | 27/140 | 1.06 (0.58–1.91) |
| Third quartile | 28/141 | 1.36 (0.74–2.49) | 34/146 | 1.51 (0.85–2.69) |
| Fourth quartile | 49/144 | 2.30 (1.31–4.04) | 26/143 | 1.04 (0.56–1.91) |
| P for trend | 0.004 | 0.604 | ||
| HBsAg positive or had cirrhosis | ||||
| First quartile | 29/15 | 1.00 | 42/15 | 1.00 |
| Second quartile | 36/18 | 1.01 (0.41–2.47) | 43/25 | 0.59 (0.26–1.35) |
| Third quartile | 33/26 | 0.63 (0.26–1.51) | 49/19 | 0.84 (0.37–1.93) |
| Fourth quartile | 99/22 | 3.17 (1.36–7.39) | 41/22 | 0.64 (0.28–1.46) |
| P for trend | 0004 | 0.503 |
aQuartile cutoff values of 8-epi-prostaglandin F2α were <0.48, 0.48–0.64, 0.65–0.84 and ≥0.85 pmol/mg creatinine for non-smokers; <0.56, 0.56–0.74, 0.75–0.95 and ≥0.96 pmol/mg creatinine for former smokers; <0.67, 0.67–0.86, 0.87–1.12 and ≥1.13 pmol/mg creatinine for current smokers; Quartile cutoff values of prostaglandin E2 metabolite were <14.8, 14.8–22.8, 22.9–35.6 and ≥35.7 pmol/mg creatinine.
bForty-six subjects (22 cases and 24 controls) were excluded due to missing 8-epi-PGF2α, and 88 subjects (57 cases and 31 controls) were excluded due to missing PGE-M (the details were described in the Methods).
cORs (95% CIs) were derived from unconditional logistic regression models with adjustment for age, year of biospecimens collection, neighborhood of residence, cigarette smoking (never, former, current smokers), alcohol consumption (nondrinkers, <4 drinks per day, ≥4 drinks per day), body mass index (<18.5, 18–<23, 23–<27, 27+ kg/m2), self-reported history of physician-diagnosed liver cirrhosis (no, yes), and serological status of HBsAg (negative, positive).