Figure 3.

Activation of the ERK and AMPK pathways by emodin in Hs27 cells. (A) Lysates from cells incubated in the presence of emodin for the indicated times were subjected to immunoblot assay using various antibodies (left). Quantification of phospho/total ERK and AMPK levels (right). Values are represented as mean ± SEM. ^*P<0.05; ^**P<0.01. (B) Smad2 phosphorylation was analyzed following either TGF-β (2.5 ng/ml) or emodin (1 µM) treatment at the indicated time. NT, non-treated; FAK, focal adhesion kinase; TGF, transforming growth factor; AMPK, 5' AMP-activated protein kinase.