Table 3.

Change over time in memory and cognitive functioning in older adults with subjective cognitive decline randomized to a 12 week Kirtan Kriya meditation program or a 12-week music listening program

	Change from Baseline (KK Meditation)						Change from Baseline (Music Listening)
Outcome Measures*	3 months (Mean ± SE)	p	ES	6 months (Mean ± SE)	p	ES	3 months (Mean ± SE)	P	ES	6 months (Mean ± SE)	p	ES
Perceived Memory Function
Memory Functioning Questionnaire
Total	29.35 (8.44)	0.002	0.8	29.84 (7.82)	0.0008	0.7	25.71 (8.18)	0.004	0.5	31.67 (10.65)	0.006	0.7
Frequency of Forgetfulness	22.62 (5.68)	0.001	0.8	25.24 (5.60)	0.00003	1.0	14.07 (4.86)	0.007	0.5	17.59 (5.84)	0.006	0.6
Seriousness of Forgetting	6.81 (3.08)	0.04	0.4	3.42 (3.28)	0.31	0.2	9.32 (3.44)	0.01	0.4	7.26 (4.75)	0.14	0.3
Retrospective Memory Functioning	1.92 (0.65)	0.006	0.6	3.42 (0.67)	0.00003	1.0	2.57 (1.02)	0.02	0.8	4.22 (0.87)	0.00005	1.2
Mnemonic Use	−2.00 (0.14)	0.22	−0.2	−1.50 (1.07)	0.17	0.2	−0.25 (1.55)	0.87	0.0	2.59 (1.31)	0.06	0.3
Executive Function, Information Processing/Psychomotor Speed, Attention, Working Memory
Digit Symbol Substitution Test	2.08 (0.97)	0.04	0.2	5.15 (0.92)	0.000008	0.6	3.07 (0.94)	0.003	0.3	4.48 (0.93)	0.00006	0.4
Trail-making Testŧ
TMT-A	−2.84 (1.78)	0.05	0.3	−6.32 (1.64)	0.0008	0.8	−5.00 (2.31)	0.04	0.5	−5.93 (1.90)	0.004	0.7
TMT-B	−13.62 (6.27)	0.04	0.7	−21.35 (6.05)	0.00165	1.0	−19.43 (6.06)	0.003	0.9	−22.30 (5.93)	0.001	1.0
% Change in no. of participants with poor TMT-B scoresŧ	−46.8%	0.005		−82.3%	0.004		−46.4%	0.02		−53.7%	0.008
Memory Concerns at 6 Months (%)ŧŧ				(%)						(%)
More concerned				0.00%						7.69%
Same amount of concern				43.48%						38.46%
Less/Much less concerned				56.52%						53.85%

^*No significant between group differences at 3 or 6 months (p’s > 0.05);

^ŧBaseline score ≥88 seconds;

^ŧŧCalculated from participant responses to the 5-point Likert scale question ‘How concerned are you about your memory compared to when you began the study?’; ES, effect size; SE, Standard error.