Table 2.
Intervention Characteristics
| Study | Intervention (delivered by) | Duration and frequency of sessions | Exercise component | Dietary component | Comparison |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avram et al. [20] |
Lifestyle counselling program for weight reduction (GP) |
18 months 30-min GP visits (6-monthly) Monthly phone calls (3 face-to-face sessions, 18 phone calls) |
Advice to increase daily physical activity (GPs advised by physiotherapists) | Emphasis on weight loss, decreasing fat intake, portion control and healthy food (GPs advised by dietitians) | One-page written information on the importance of a healthy lifestyle |
| Chirinos et al. [21] | Enhanced lifestyle intervention program of education (‘clinicians’) |
12 months 90-min group face-to-face sessions × 8 in the first 3 months then monthly (17 group sessions) |
Unsupervised brisk walking progressing to 30 min, 5 × week by week 5. Self-monitored using pedometers | Changing dietary habits to achieve weight reduction through calorie restriction | Standard care: laboratory results provided at each timepoint. Lifestyle modification advice at baseline and 6 months by their medical provider |
| Fappa et al. [22] | Lifestyle intervention based on motivational and behaviour strategies and goal setting (dietitian) |
6 months 60-min individual face-to-face counselling every 2 weeks for 2 months then monthly for 4 months (7 individual sessions) |
Individualized physical activity goal setting | Hypocaloric Mediterranean-style diet | Instructions regarding hypocaloric Mediterranean-style diet and physical activity goals at initial assessment only |
| Gomez-Huelgas et al. [23] | Long-term lifestyle intervention program (GP and nurse) |
3 years 15–30-min individual and group face-to-face. 6 visits in first 3 months, then once every 3 months for the remainder of the 1st year, then 6-monthly (20 individual, 7 group sessions) |
Education about exercise. Aiming for a minimum of 150 min/week of walking | Mediterranean diet plus calorie restriction for those who were overweight. Education on food and practical concepts related to cooking and shopping | General advice on heart-healthy diet and exercise. 4 × 10-min nursing and 4 × 10-min medical appointments |
| Jahangiry et al. [24] & [25] | Interactive web-based lifestyle educational program (dietitian) |
6 months Online, individually led (mean 5 logins per person) |
Education on exercise | Education and calorie-restricted diet tailored by a dietitian | Email with encouragement to make appropriate diet and activity changes every 3 weeks |
| Nanri et al. [26] | Lifestyle behavioural modification program based on behavioural theory (nurse) |
6 months Face-to-face individual sessions at baseline, 1 month and 3 months (3 individual sessions) |
Exercise goal setting and self-monitoring walking using pedometers | Goal setting for weight loss and aims to increase fruit, vegetable and dairy intake and limit alcohol | Standard health guidance at baseline only |
| Wang et al. [27] & Zheng et al. [30] | Lifestyle intervention program based on health promotion model (nurse) |
3 months 1 × 30–40-min face-to-face session followed by 6 bi-weekly 20–30-min telephone calls (1 face-to-face session, 6 phone calls) |
Education, assessment of behaviour, advice on regular exercise, making behaviour modification plans and self-monitoring | Education, assessment of behaviour, advice on healthy diet, making behaviour modification plans and self-monitoring | Usual care and 10-min brief discharge advice |
| Zhang et al. [28] | Lifestyle intervention program utilizing behavioural counselling (doctor) |
1 year 5 × 60-min face-to-face sessions (1 individual, 4 group sessions) |
Individualized advice suggesting moderate exercise (e.g. brisk walking) for 150 min/week | Individually prescribed diet based on best practice weight loss | General verbal information on healthy lifestyle |
| Zhang et al. [29] | Lifestyle intervention using patient-centered cognitive behavioural therapy (doctor and psychologist) |
12 weeks 90–120-min group workshops 2 × week for 12 weeks (24 group sessions) |
Guided and encouraged to adopt and maintain 150 min of moderate exercise per week. Walking was encouraged | Guided and encouraged to adopt a 200–300 kcal reduction in daily dietary calories. Eat less fat and more fruit and vegetables | Written basic lifestyle advice and general information on risk factors plus weekly text messages about standard care |
GP general practitioner