Table 5.

Improvements in mothers’ inappropriate parental behaviors and associated factors

Factorc	Inappropriate parental behaviors a (42-month-old check-up)
	Yes		No		P valueb
	N = 91	%	N = 22	%
Child’s sex
Male	48	80.0	12	20.0	1.00
Female	43	81.1	10	18.9
Order of birth
First child	54	85.7	9	14.3	0.15
Second or later	37	74.0	12	26.0
Single or multiple birth
Single	91	80.5	22	19.5
Multiple	0	0.0	0	0.0
Gestational age at delivery
Less than 37 weeks	5	100.0	0	0.0	0.58
37 weeks or more	86	79.6	22	20.4
Birth weight
Less than 2500 g	7	77.7	2	22.2	1.00
2500 g or more	84	80.8	20	19.2
Father’s age
Younger than 30	24	75.0	8	25.0	0.42
30 or older	65	83.3	13	16.7
Mother’s age
Younger than 30	33	70.2	14	29.8	0.03*
30 or older	58	87.9	8	12.1
Mother’s employment
Employed	42	82.4	9	17.6	0.81
Not employed	45	78.9	12	21.1
Feelings in relation to the pregnancy
Happy	55	77.5	16	22.5	0.33
Unexpected or others	36	85.7	6	14.3
Mother’s health
Good	58	80.6	14	19.6	1.00
Easily tired or others	33	80.5	8	19.5
Mother’s feelings
Good	68	80.0	17	20.0	1.00
Not good, neutral	23	82.1	5	17.9
Family composition
Nuclear family	77	81.1	18	18.9	0.75
Extended family	14	77.8	4	22.2
Interpersonal problems at home
Yes	23	85.2	4	14.8	0.78
No	67	79.8	17	20.2
Financial problems at home
Yes	16	84.2	3	15.8	1.00
No	74	80.4	18	19.6
Want to continue to raise children in this region? +
Yes	67	80.7	16	19.3	1.00
Other	24	80.0	6	20.0
Whether the father is parenting? +
Always	49	81.7	11	18.3	1.00
Other	39	81.2	9	18.8
Number of people to turn to for advice
1 or less	7	87.5	1	12.5	1.00
2 or more	84	80.0	21	20.0
Number of people to seek cooperation from
1 or less	14	100.0	0	0.0	0.07
2 or more	76	77.6	22	22.4

*p < 0.05

^aFor some items, the total does not add up to the number in the top row due to missing data

^bAnalysed using a chi-squared test or Fisher’s exact test

^cSurvey items were collected from the health check-up files at 4 months. The + indicates items collected at 18 months. Analyzed data only from those who had inappropriate parental behaviors at 18 months